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Scholars have usually treated the skolia celebrating Harmodios and Aristogeiton as reflecting composition near Hipparchos’ murder (514/3 B. C.), yet the songs betray traditions that developed significantly later. By the 420s, when Aristophanes indicates that the songs were popular, different versions of “the Harmodios” existed. One version, sung in the first person, likely reflects the views of those who saw certain democratic leaders as metaphorical “tyrants.” Other versions praised the current Athenian regime or served simply as hymns honoring the “tyrannicides.” The skolia reflect conditions of the later fifth century more than those around the time of the assassination.

For Danielle Allen, punishment is more a window onto democratic Athens' fundamental values than simply a set of official practices. From imprisonment to stoning to refusal of burial, instances of punishment in ancient Athens fueled conversations among ordinary citizens and political and literary figures about the nature of justice. Re-creating in vivid detail the cultural context of this conversation, Allen shows that punishment gave the community an opportunity to establish a shining myth of harmony and cleanliness: that the city could be purified of anger and social struggle, and perfect order achieved. Each member of the city--including notably women and slaves--had a specific role to play in restoring equilibrium among punisher, punished, and society. The common view is that democratic legal processes moved away from the \"emotional and personal\" to the \"rational and civic,\" but Allen shows that anger, honor, reciprocity, spectacle, and social memory constantly prevailed in Athenian law and politics. Allen draws upon oratory, tragedy, and philosophy to present the lively intellectual climate in which punishment was incurred, debated, and inflicted by Athenians. Broad in scope, this book is one of the first to offer both a full account of punishment in antiquity and an examination of the political stakes of democratic punishment. It will engage classicists, political theorists, legal historians, and anyone wishing to learn more about the relations between institutions and culture, normative ideas and daily events, punishment and democracy.

Resumo Os Tribunais de Contas brasileiros ganharam bastante notoriedade nos últimos anos. Embora a aplicação do Direito por qualquer órgão esteja aberta às diversas possibilidades interpretativas da lei, a análise das súmulas desses tribunais evidencia grande assimetria na interpretação normativa por parte de tais órgãos, o que pode gerar um tratamento diferenciado em casos semelhantes. Nesse contexto, este artigo buscou identificar assimetrias no conteúdo das súmulas dos Tribunais de Contas brasileiros para verificar se há isonomia na fiscalização dos gestores e organizações do setor público no território nacional. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de uma metodologia qualitativa, com a utilização do método de análise de conteúdo e o apoio do software Iramuteq. Como resultado, apresenta-se um mapeamento das súmulas dos Tribunais de Contas brasileiros a partir de sete classes (remuneração, aposentadoria, pensão, irregularidades, processo de contas, orçamento e licitação). Tais dados podem ser úteis ao planejamento estratégico na Administração Pública, buscando garantir mais segurança jurídica aos gestores públicos. As conclusões indicaram não existir isonomia na auditoria dos gestores e organizações do setor público no território nacional, especialmente em razão da inexistência de uma Corte Superior de Contas com o papel de harmonizar essa jurisprudência na federação. Abstract The Brazilian Courts of Accounts have gained considerable notoriety in recent years. Although the Law’s application by anybody is open to the various interpretative possibilities of the law, the analysis of these courts’ summaries shows a significant asymmetry in the normative interpretation by such bodies, which can generate different treatment in similar cases. In this context, this article sought to identify asymmetries in the contents of the precedents of the Brazilian Courts of Accounts to verify whether there is equality in inspecting public sector managers and organizations in the national territory. The research was carried out using a qualitative methodology, using the content analysis method and the Iramuteq software’s support. As a result, a mapping of the precedents of the Brazilian Courts of Accounts is presented from seven classes (remuneration, retirement, pension, irregularities, account process, budget, and bidding). Such data can be useful for strategic planning in Public Administration, seeking to ensure more legal security for public managers. The conclusions indicated no equality in the audit of public sector managers and organizations in the national territory, mainly due to the lack of a Superior Court of Accounts to harmonize this jurisprudence in the federation.

El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar el fragmento atribuido al filósofo y médico Alcmeón de Crotona (DK 24 B4) y ponerlo en relación con ciertas ideas sobre la salud humana reflejadas en el escrito Aires, aguas y lugares de la segunda mitad del V a.C. Nos centraremos en aislar qué ideas concretas del fragmento encontramos en el citado escrito y cuál ha sido la evolución de las mismas. Mostraremos especial atención al intercambio de ideas y conceptos entre la política y la medicina.

Through the construct of equality on Ramos’ (1989) para-economic paradigm, this article outlines isonomic environmental characteristics in solidarity-economy experiences, taking the 'Mulheres Decididas a Vencer Group', located in a rural settlement in the county Mossoró/RN, as an object of empirical research. For this study we adopted the hypothesis of convergence between principles of solidarity economy and the construct of equality, according to Ramos (1989), both viewed as organizational manifestations in which the collective sense prevails before the individual and nurture members’ self-actualization. Therefore, an exploratory and descriptive search strategy, of qualitative nature, was used and took as informants all the members of the enterprise among the most active. From the five categories that characterize equality – minimum prescription standards, self-gratifying activity, activity performed as a vocation, wide system of decision making and primary interpersonal relationships – and the features of a solidarity economic enterprise, we developed an analysis of the speech’s content in a categorical perspective. It was possible to conclude that the group shares experiences and characteristics of equality. Através do constructo de isonomia do Paradigma Pareconômico de Ramos (1989), o presente texto busca evidenciar, características de ambiente isonômico, em vivências econômico-solidárias, tomando como espaço de investigação empírica o 'Grupo de Mulheres Decididas a Vencer', localizado em um assentamento rural no município de Mossoró/RN. Para o estudo foi adotada a hipótese da possibilidade de haver convergências entre princípios de Economia Solidária e o construto isonomia, de acordo com Guerreiro Ramos (1989), ambos vistos como manifestações organizacionais em que o senso coletivo prevalece diante do individual e oportuniza aos participantes a autorrealização. Para tanto, foi empregada estratégia de pesquisa exploratório-descritiva, de natureza qualitativa, que tomou como informantes o conjunto das sócias do empreendimento, dentre as mais atuantes. A partir das cinco categorias que caracterizam a isonomia – prescrição mínima de normas, atividade autogratificante, atividade realizada como vocação, sistema amplo de tomada de decisão e relações interpessoais primárias – e de traços característicos de empreendimento econômico solidário, foi desenvolvida uma análise de conteúdo das falas na perspectiva categorial. Foi possível chegar à conclusão de que o Grupo compartilha vivências e características de isonomia.  

O presente trabalho trata de um estudo sobre a racionalidade substantiva no processo decisório em duas instituições que lidam com o tratamento oncológico em crianças e adolescentes na cidade de Natal, no estado do Rio Grande Norte. A partir de uma revisão de literatura sobre a racionalidade substantiva, o objetivo da pesquisa é perceber aspectos relacionados ao processo decisório que possam servir de base para elaborar as categorias de análise do processo Tomada de Decisão, agregando-as a um novo estudo que possa proporcionar o avanço do tema na ciência administrativa. Serviram de base para o aprofundamento do tema os trabalhos acadêmicos que seguiram o modelo de análise elaborado por Maurício Serva, cujo quadro verifica a racionalidade predominante em 11 processos administrativos internos em organizações produtivas. Tendo como base teórica a obra de Guerreiro Ramos, que constata a existência de um tipo de organização ideal, o estudo recorre ao pensamento de Karl Polanyi, que procura compreender o fenômeno econômico independente do valor que permite considerar economias não mercantis. Para melhor compreender a racionalidade resgatam-se os estudos de Max Weber, que investiga o significado de ação social, e com Jürgen Habermas se tem uma concepção mais abrangente de razão através da teoria da ação comunicativa. Como resultado da revisão do tema foi elaborado um quadro com sete categorias de análise que, aplicadas nas instituições pesquisadas, tornou possível conhecer a racionalidade predominante no processo decisório. Os resultados da pesquisa confirmam que, embora a decisão envolva elementos racionais, existem também valores específicos de cada indivíduo ligados à sua experiência de visão de mundo, permeados não só pela racionalidade instrumental como também pela racionalidade substantiva. O estudo comprovou que duas instituições pertencentes ao mesmo setor podem apresentar diferentes tipos de racionalidade na tomada de decisão, quando fatores decisórios podem tender para a racionalidade instrumental, de acordo com o pensamento clássico da administração, como também podem emergir da racionalidade substantiva, contribuindo para o processo de emancipação do ser humano na esfera do trabalho. This work approaches a study about the substantive rationality on decision making process in two institutions dealing with children and teenagers cancer treatment in the city of Natal, state of Rio Grande do Norte. As of a literature review on substantive rationality, the goal of the research is to bring to knowledge aspects related to decision making process which may serve as a basis to ellaborate categories of analysis on decision making process, aggregating them to a new study which may provide progress of the theme in administrative science. The academic researches that followed the analysis model created by Maurício Serva served as a basis to probe such theme, which verifies the predominant rationality in eleven administrative process which are internal in productive organizations. As a theoretical basis, the research has studied the work of Guerreiro Ramos which finds the existence of a type of ideal organization; and it also calls upon the thoughts of Karl Polanyi, who intends to understand the independent economical phenomenon of the value which enables to consider non-market economies. To better comprehend the rationality, the study rescues the research of Max Weber, who investigates the meaning of social action, and also Jürgen Habermas', in which there is a broader concept of the reason through comunicative action theory. As a result of the theme's review, it has been ellaborated a board with seven analysis categories, that when applied in the researched institutions, enabled to know the prodominant rationality in decision making process. The results of the study confirmed that, although the decision involves rational elements, there are also specific values of each individual that are connected to his/her personal experience and point of view, permeated not only by instrumental rationality, but also by substantive rationality. The study has verified that two institutions which belong to the same section may present different types of rationality in decision making, when decision making factors may tend to instrumental rationality, according to the classic theory of administration, as well as it can emerge from substantive rationality, contributing to the process of emancipation of the human being in work environment.

This text describes the way as elements of rationality are articulated in the management of a Non-Governmental Organizations taking into account the theoretical basis of the Paraeconomical Paradigm (Ramos, 1989) and the methodological axle adopted by Serva (1996).Regarding to the process, it was carried out individual structured interviews and the analysis of content. In accordance with the premises that delimit the concept of equality, the studied Organization does not live up to such a denomination, even when one consider the presence of work free of embarrassments e satisfaction with the work and pride of the workers with the image of the organization. Such a fact takes place because of the high centralization of the decision, which limits the autonomy and processes of personal updating. Este texto descreve o modo como elementos de racionalidade se articulam na gestão de uma Organização Não-Governamental tomando como base teórica o Paradigma Paraeconômico (Ramos, 1989) e o eixo metodológico adotada por Serva (1996). No aspecto processual, foram realizadas entrevistas individuais estruturadas e a análise de conteúdo. De acordo com as premissas que delimitam o conceito de isonomia, a Organização estudada não faz jus a tal denominação, em que pesem as ocorrências de trabalho livre de constrangimentos e de satisfação com o trabalho e orgulho dos trabalhadores com a imagem da organização. Tal fato ocorre em virtude da elevada centralização da decisão, que limita a autonomia e processos de atualização pessoal.

This chapter discusses the development of participatory polis constitutions from their earliest informal traces to fully developed democracy. Unlike historians of early Rome, those of archaic and classical Greece are able to rely on contemporaneous written sources, whether literary or epigraphical. The magnificent “Mycenaean” Bronze Age civilization ended around 1200 BCE in a wave of destruction that affected the entire eastern Mediterranean and initiated a long period of decline. Gradual recovery began around 1000 BCE. Populations increased, farming became more prominent, international contacts intensified, and new types of communities, the poleis, emerged. As polis territories filled up, land became scarce and was contested both within and among poleis. The chapter discusses Solon's reforms in Athens, the restoration of eunomia, and the institutionalization of civic responsibility. This is followed by a discussion on isonomia and the integration of the Athenian Polis in the late sixth century.

In this book, Sara Monoson challenges the longstanding and widely held view that Plato is a virulent opponent of all things democratic. She does not, however, offer in its place the equally mistaken idea that he is somehow a partisan of democracy. Instead, she argues that we should attend more closely to Plato's suggestion that democracy is horrifyingandexciting, and she seeks to explain why he found it morally and politically intriguing. Monoson focuses on Plato's engagement with democracy as he knew it: a cluster of cultural practices that reach into private and public life, as well as a set of governing institutions. She proposes that while Plato charts tensions between the claims of democratic legitimacy and philosophical truth, he also exhibits a striking attraction to four practices central to Athenian democratic politics: intense antityrantism, frank speaking, public funeral oratory, and theater-going. By juxtaposing detailed examination of these aspects of Athenian democracy with analysis of the figurative language, dramatic structure, and arguments of the dialogues, she shows that Plato systematically links democratic ideals and activities to philosophic labor. Monoson finds that Plato's political thought exposes intimate connections between Athenian democratic politics and the practice of philosophy. Situating Plato's political thought in the context of the Athenian democratic imaginary, Monoson develops a new, textured way of thinking of the relationship between Plato's thought and the politics of his city.

La reflexión política de Platón, así como la teoría de la justicia que de ella se desprende, escapan de las categorías convencionales que definen las tendencias políticas de la Atenas del siglo V a. C. La imposibilidad de circunscribirlas en el marco de dichas categorías nos enfrenta a una dificultad mayor en relación con la comprensión de la aserción según la cual la justicia es una realidad natural. Al afirmar lo anterior, el filósofo pone en relación de complementariedad dos realidades que, de acuerdo con la mentalidad política de la Grecia antigua, representan los polos opuestos de la antinomia entre la ley positiva y el llamado derecho natural o νόμος κατὰ φύσιν. Por muy paradójico que parezca, el hecho de considerar que la justicia es una realidad natural confiere su orientación y su lógica propia al proyecto político desarrollado en la República platónica. Conforme a dicha orientación, Platón logra instalar un mito fenicio como base de su proyecto político y materializar las lecciones que se desprenden del mismo bajo la forma de una serie de prescripciones destinadas a encaminar la existencia de los miembros de la ciudad ideal en la dirección fijada por la justicia natural.