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"Italian Middle Ages"
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I francescani e i maroniti (1233-1516)
\"Il presente volume ripercorre il prezioso ruolo di intermediario svolto dall'Ordine francescano tra i Maroniti del Monte Libano e la Santa Sede, dal XIII secolo fino alla conquista ottomana della Terra Santa (1516). La Chiesa maronita, fondata da san Marone nel V secolo, è l'unica Chiesa orientale ad essere rimasta sempre fedele a Roma, pur conservando riti e liturgie propri. I Francescani, presenti in Medio Oriente sin dal XIII secolo, diedero un contributo fondamentale al mantenimento di questo rapporto privilegiato. Essi furono infatti scelti dalla Santa Sede quali rappresentanti tra le Chiese orientali, giocando in questa veste un ruolo estremamente attivo nel sostenere l'attaccamento della comunità maronita alla Chiesa cattolica. Un compito difficile, considerate le numerose insidie che minavano il legame: la definitiva caduta di tutta l'area sotto l'influenza musulmana e la diffusione, all'interno della comunità cristiana stessa, di credenze e dottrine contrarie alla fede cattolica. Il libro ripercorre le missioni riportate a termine da alcuni frati francescani tra i Maroniti in qualità di delegati apostolici e, più in generale, il ruolo giocato dall'Ordine dei Frati minori nell'assicurare un collegamento costante e privilegiato tra Roma e il Monte Libano\"--Back cover.
Book
Widow City
Widow City: Gender, Emotion, and Community in the Italian Renaissance investigates the ever-evolving role of the widow in medieval and early modern Italian literature, from canonical authors such as Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio, to the numerous widowed writers who rose to prominence in the sixteenth century—including Vittoria Colonna, Veronica Gambara, and Francesca Turina—and radically changed the conversation on public mourning. Engaging with broader intellectual discussions around gender, the history of emotions, the politics of mourning, and the construction of community, Widow City argues that widows served as key models demonstrating to readers not just how to mourn, but how to live well after devastating loss. At the same time, widows were figures of great anxiety: their status as unattached women, and the public performance of their grief, were viewed as very real threats to the stability of the social order. They are thus key to broader intellectual understandings of community and civic life in the Italian Middle Ages and Renaissance.
eBook
Missing Women in the Italian Middle Ages? Data and Interpretation
The cadastres of different Tuscan cities from the first half of the fifteenth century show a sex ratio that is clearly unfavorable to females in different phases of the life cycle. An Italian scholar recently noted the lack of females in a sixth‐century cemetery near Turin (Collegno) and claimed this was a consequence of barbarian warriors emigrating from northern Europe. This study examined available data on osteological remains from all types of burials, ranging from larger cemeteries to single graves connected to settlements and churches. The goal was to observe the d values and adult sex ratios that characterized areas outside of Italy and to determine whether there is a relationship between the two that would help to interpret the invisibility of females observed in Italy. The best‐represented area is northwestern Europe between the sixth and the ninth century, thanks to extensive and well‐documented material excavated and published in contemporary Germany.
Book Chapter
The Early Middle Ages
This chapter contains sections titled:
Historical Background
Intellectual and Theological Currents
Book Chapter
Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassion
Affective meditation on the Passionwas one of the most popular literary genres of the high and later Middle Ages. Proliferating in a rich variety of forms, these lyrical, impassioned, script-like texts in Latin and the vernacular had a deceptively simple goal: to teach their readers how to feel. They were thus instrumental in shaping and sustaining the wide-scale shift in medieval Christian sensibility from fear of God to compassion for the suffering Christ.Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassionadvances a new narrative for this broad cultural change and the meditative writings that both generated and reflected it. Sarah McNamer locates women as agents in the creation of the earliest and most influential texts in the genre, from John of Fécamp'sLibellusto theMeditationes vitae Christi, thus challenging current paradigms that cast the compassionate affective mode as Anselmian or Franciscan in origin. The early development of the genre in women's practices had a powerful and lasting legacy. With special attention to Middle English texts, including Nicholas Love'sMirrorand a wide range of Passion lyrics and laments,Affective Meditation and the Invention of Medieval Compassionilluminates how these scripts for the performance of prayer served to construct compassion itself as an intimate and feminine emotion. To feel compassion for Christ, in the private drama of the heart that these texts stage, was to feel like a woman. This was an assumption about emotion that proved historically consequential, McNamer demonstrates, as she traces some of its legal, ethical, and social functions in late medieval England.
eBook
Renaissance Masculinities, Diplomacy, and Cultural Transfer
Federico and Ferrante Gonzaga came of age during a time of intense change in sixteenth-century Italy: the Italian Wars (1494-1559). The first and third-born sons of Isabella d'Este and Francesco Gonzaga spent their formative years at the courts of Francis I of France and Charles V of Spain, where, as effectively diplomatic hostages, they learned valuable lessons about the transnational social codes and rituals central to sixteenth-century political life. As adults, they applied these lessons in their political and martial collaborations with Charles V: supporting his dominions in Italy, facilitating his attempted colonisation of northern Africa, and praising his attacks on Muslim pirates in the Italian Mediterranean. This book uses epistolary, literary, and material sources to argue that the boyhood and adult experiences of Federico and Ferrante Gonzaga are illustrative of wider strategies adopted by elite Italians to respond to conflict and crisis in a global age.
eBook
The Unruly Tongue
A cultural history of speech in medieval Italy
The Unruly Tongue , a cultural history of speech in
medieval Italy, offers a new account of how the power of words
changed in Western thought. Despite the association of freedom of
speech with the political revolutions of the eighteenth century
that ushered in the era of modern democracies, historian Melissa
Vise locates the history of the repression of speech not in
Europe's monarchies but rather in Italy's republics. Exploring the
cultural process through which science and medicine, politics, law,
literature, and theology together informed a new political ethics
of speech, Vise uncovers the formation of a moral code where the
regulation of the tongue became an integral component of republican
values in medieval Europe. The medieval citizens of Italy's
republics understood themselves to be wholly subject to the power
of words not because they lived in an age of persecution or
doctrinal rigidity, but because words had furnished the grounds for
their political freedom. Speech-making was the means for speaking
the republic itself into existence against the opposition of
aristocracy, empire, and papacy. But because words had power, they
could also be deployed as weapons. Speech contained the potential
for violence and presented a threat to political and social order,
and thus needed to be controlled. Vise shows how the laws that
governed and curtailed speech in medieval Italy represented broader
cultural understandings of human susceptibility to speech. Tracing
anthropologies of speech from religious to political discourse,
from civic courts to ecclesiastical courts, from medical texts to
the works of Dante and Boccaccio, The Unruly Tongue
demonstrates that the thirteenth century marked a major shift in
how people perceived the power, and the threat, of speech: a change
in thinking about \"what words do.\"
eBook
Urban Developments in Late Antique and Medieval Rome
A narrative of decline punctuated by periods of renewal has long structured perceptions of Rome's late antique and medieval history. In their probing contributions to this volume, a multi-disciplinary group of scholars provides alternative approaches to understanding the period. Addressing developments in governance, ceremony, literature, art, music, clerical education and the construction of the city's identity, the essays examine how a variety of actors, from poets to popes, productively addressed the intermittent crises and shifting dynamics of these centuries in ways that bolstered the city's resilience. Without denying that the past (both pre-Christian and Christian) consistently remained a powerful touchstone, the studies in this volume offer rich new insights into the myriad ways that Romans, between the fifth and the eleventh centuries, creatively assimilated the past as they shaped their future.
eBook
Sex estimation of skeletons in middle and late adulthood: reliability of pelvic morphological traits and long bone metrics on an Italian skeletal collection
There are several metric and morphological methods available for sex estimation of skeletal remains, but their reliability and applicability depend on the sexual dimorphism of the remains as well as on the availability of preserved bones. Some studies showed that age-related changes on bones can cause misclassification of sex. The purpose of this study was to establish the reliability of pelvic morphological traits and metric methods of sex estimation on relatively old individuals from a modern Italian skeletal collection. The data for this study were obtained from 164 individuals of the Milano CAL skeletal collection and average age of the samples was 75 years. In the pelvic morphological method, the recalibrated regression formula of Klales and colleagues (2012), pre-auricular sulcus, and greater sciatic notch morphology were used for sex estimation. With regard to the metric method, 15 standard measurements from upper and lower limbs were analyzed for sexual dimorphism. The results showed that in pelvic morphological approach, the application of regression formula of the revised Klales and colleague formula (2017) resulted in 100% accuracy. Classification rates of metric methods vary from 75.19 to 90.73% with the maximum epiphyseal breadth of proximal tibia representing the most discriminant parameter. This study confirms that the effect of age on sex estimation methods is not substantial, and both metric and morphological methods of sex estimation can be reliably applied to individuals of Italian descent in middle and late adulthood.
Journal Article
Conflict and Violence in Medieval Italy 568-1154
This collection of essays from both established and emerging scholars analyses the dynamic connections between conflict and violence in medieval Italy. The contributors present a new critique of power that sustained both kingship and locally based elite networks throughout the Italian peninsula.
eBook