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Ash fall layers and vitroclastic-carrying sediments distributed throughout the entire Permian stratigraphic range of the Parana Basin (Brazil and Uruguay) occur in the Tubarao Supergroup (Rio Bonito Formation) and the Passa Dois Group (Irati, Estrada Nova/Teresina, Corumbatai, and Rio do Rasto Formations), which constitute the Gondwana 1 Supersequence. U-Pb zircon ages, acquired by SHRIMP and isotope-dissolution thermal ionization mass spectrometer (ID-TIMS) from tuffs within the Mangrullo and Yaguari Formations of Uruguay, are compatible with a correlation with the Irati and parts of the Teresina and Rio do Rasto Formations, respectively, of Brazil. U-Pb zircon ages suggest maximum depositional ages for the samples: (1) Rio Bonito Formation: ages ranging from 295.8±3.1 to 304.0±5.6 Ma (Asselian, lowermost Permian), consistent with the age range of the Protohaploxypinus goraiensis subzone; (2) Irati Formation: ages ranging from 279.9±4.8 to 280.0±3.0 Ma (Artinskian, Middle Permian), consistent with the occurrence of species of the Lueckisporites virkkiae zone; (3) Rio do Rasto Formation: ages ranging from 266.7±5.4 to 274.6±6.3 Ma (Wordian to Roadian, Middle Permian). All the SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages are consistent with their superimposition order in the stratigraphy, the latest revisions to the Permian timescale (International Commission of Stratigraphy, 2018 version), and the most recent appraisals of biostratigraphic data. The ID-TIMS U-Pb zircon ages from the Corumbatai Formation suggest that U-Pb ages may be >10% younger than interpreted biostratigraphic ages.

The genus Botrychiopsis consists of leaves with substantial heteromorphism, present in late Paleozoic Gondwanan floras. The genus is recorded in paleofloras from Australia, India, South Africa, Brazil, and Argentina, and occurs from the latest Mississippian to the early Permian. Here, we report and analyze the first record of plant-insect interactions found in the Botrychiopsis-type leaves from the basinal deposits of Permian Argentina and Brazil. The samples are from three different Permian deposits: Arroyo Totoral, Bajo de Véliz (Argentina), and Morro do Papaléo (Brazil). Evidence of insect-plant interactions was present in only eight of 154 specimens analyzed. We found evidence of margin and hole feeding damage made by insects. This represents the first evidence of plant-insect interactions in Botrychiopsis leaves from Permian Gondwanan deposits. The occurrence of herbivory only on the Permian species B. plantiana may indicate that consumption of these leaves began during this interval, not in the Carboniferous, as occurred with Cordaites leaves.

The first-described articulated Permian sponge from Brazil, representing Hexactinellida, has been recovered from the Lontras Shale in the Campáleo outcrop (Permian, Asselian–Sakmarian), Rio do Sul Formation, Mafra, in southern Brazil. It is assigned to the Hemidiscellidae and identified as Microhemidiscia greinerti n. sp. This fossil represents the first record of articulated sponges in Brazil from the Paleozoic Era, as well as the second species known from this genus. Moreover, it increases knowledge of the order Hemidiscosa, a monotypic group mostly defined by simple characters, which is here considered to comprise one family, Hemidiscellidae (Pennsylvanian-Cretaceous), and two genera, Hemidiscella and Microhemidiscia.

Core samples from the A-IG-85 well four outcrops located in South Aracoiaba da Serra, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, have been palynologically investigated. Diverse and well-preserved palynomorphs, including seventy-three species of spores, monosaccate, disaccate and taeniate pollen grains, and one species of incertae sedis have been recognized. Among them, sixty species are systematically described including thirty-four species of spores, twenty-five pollen grains and one incertae sedis. Eleven species from the Brazilian Parana Basin are published for the first time: Granulatisporites triconvexus Staplin 1960, Dictyotriletes muricatus (Kosanke) Smith & Butterworth 1967, Vallatisporites punctatus (Marques-Toigo) comb. nov., Cristatisporites rollerii Ottone 1989, Bascaudaspora canipa Owens 1983, Spelaeotriletes triangulus Neves & Owens 1966, Psomospora detecta Playford & Helby 1968, Florinites occultus Habib 1966, Potonieisporites barrelis Tiwari 1965, Costatascyclus crenatus Felix & Burbridge emend. Urban 1971, Limitisporites luandensis Bose & Maheshwari 1968 including a new combination proposed herein [Vallatisporites punctatus (Marques-Toigo) comb. nov.]. The palynofossiliferous beds come from the Ahrensisporites cristatus Interval Zone, in the basal portion of the Itarare Subgroup, and are considered to be late Carboniferous (Westphalian) in age. Changes in the composition of the assemblages and the previous record of marine fossils in the studied beds are interpreted as resulting from minor variations of a transgressive/regressive cycle, under glacial climatic conditions.