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When are people willing to sacrifice for the common good? What are the benefits of friendship? How do communities deal with betrayal? And what are the costs and benefits of being in a diverse community? Using the life histories of more than forty thousand Civil War soldiers, Dora Costa and Matthew Kahn answer these questions and uncover the vivid stories, social influences, and crucial networks that influenced soldiers' lives both during and after the war. Drawing information from government documents, soldiers' journals, and one of the most extensive research projects about Union Army soldiers ever undertaken, Heroes and Cowards demonstrates the role that social capital plays in people's decisions. The makeup of various companies--whether soldiers were of the same ethnicity, age, and occupation--influenced whether soldiers remained loyal or whether they deserted. Costa and Kahn discuss how the soldiers benefited from friendships, what social factors allowed some to survive the POW camps while others died, and how punishments meted out for breaking codes of conduct affected men after the war. The book also examines the experience of African-American soldiers and makes important observations about how their comrades shaped their lives. Heroes and Cowards highlights the inherent tensions between the costs and benefits of community diversity, shedding light on how groups and societies behave and providing valuable lessons for the present day.

The day before, two companies of the 1st Delaware Cavalry Battalion, made up of six officers and 95 men commanded by Maj. Napoleon B. Knight, rode into Westminster and took up a position on College Hill at the western edge of town. Company C, under the command of Capt. Charles Corbit, and Company D, led by 1st Lt. Caleb Churchman, had been sent from Baltimore to act as observers and guards. On June 25, Gen. J. E. B. Stuart's cavalry division of 6,000 began an advance north toward Gettysburg. His force had captured a Union supply train of 125 wagons and 800 mules in Rockville, while the 4th Virginia Cavalry, under the command of Fitzhugh Lee, had taken 400 prisoners. As quickly as it had begun, the clash was over. Casualties included two privates from the 1st Delaware Cavalry, William Vandergrift and Daniel Welch. The 4th Virginia lost two officers, Lieutenants John W. Murray and St. Pierre Gibson.

I don't know if John Brown's body is still \"a-mouldering\" and I sincerely hope his soul is enjoying the tranquility it apparently didn't enjoy in earlier years. I might paraphrase a line of Marc Antony's and say: \"I come to bury John Brown-not to praise him.\"

Also in 1860, the Carroll Infantry, commanded by Capt. George E. Wampler, was formed. This unit of Union supporters continued in existence until 1866. Minor units were formed in Taneytown and Manchester in 1861, and a military company also was attached to Calvert College in New Windsor. Life continued peacefully for Carroll countians for the first year and a half of the war. President Lincoln issued the first call for volunteer enlistment in the spring of 1861, but it was largely ignored by county residents. Those few who did join, enlisted in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Infantry Regiments in Baltimore. But, in July, 1861, a resolution was passed at a courthouse meeting stating that Carroll should take immediate steps to help meet Maryland's quota of four regiments. Several companies formed: Company A, 6th Regiment Infantry, more than 100 men, commanded by Capt. William A. McKellip; Company C, 6th Regiment Infantry, 76 men, commanded by Capt. George F. Webster; and Company F, 7th Regiment Infantry, 77 men, commanded by Capt. Daniel Rinehart. Some 600 countians were in the Union Army. On June 30, a troop of Confederates, seeking supplies, encountered a Union cavalry force. Both Generals [George G. Meade] and [Robert E. Lee] moved to reinforce, culminating in Southern defeat in the crucial Battle of Gettysburg, July 1-4, 1863, and the Confederate retreat into Virginia. The last skirmish in Carroll County occurred on July 9, 1864, when Gen. Bradley Johnson occupied Westminster for one night as part of a Confederate plan to cut rail and telegraph communications between Baltimore, Washington, and the North. Telegraph lines were cut, but no other damage was done.

At approximately 11:00 PM, Sunday night. October 16, 1859, Capt Brown's legion's stalked into the small Virginia town of Harper's Ferry (now in West Virginia) and set in motion his machinery of insurrection. Coming out of the hills from the direction of Kennedy's Farm. Brown's band seized the unsuspecting watchman at the federal arsenal's bridge across the Potomac, cut the lines of communication, and took possession of several points along the river.

This article details the origins of American folklore studies by examining how “the folk” were repeatedly equated to Black Americans and how folklore was used as a measure of African Americans’ post-emancipation “progress.” Attending to discussions of Black representation in the late nineteenth century, I explore how (1) African Americans were positioned as the folk and (2) how African Americans (re)positioned themselves in discourses of “Blackness” and “folkness.”

APRIL 1846 (pg. 212). APRIL 1848 (pg. 212). JULY 1848 (pg. 212). OCTOBER 1848 (pg. 212). NOVEMBER 1848 (pg. 212). DECEMBER 1848 (pg. 212-213). JANUARY (pg. 213-219). FEBRUARY (pg. 219-223). MARCH (pg. 223-230). APRIL (pg. 230-234). MAY (pg. 234-245). JUNE (pg. 245-250). JULY (pg. 251-257). AUGUST (pg. 257-265). SEPTEMBER (pg. 266-271). OCTOBER (pg. 272-281). NOVEMBER (pg. 281-289). DECEMBER (pg. 289-301).

JANUARY (pg. 131-135). FEBRUARY (pg. 135-139). MARCH (pg. 139-144). APRIL (pg. 144-149). MAY (pg. 149-153). JUNE (pg. 153-156). JULY (pg. 156-159). AUGUST (pg. 159-162). SEPTEMBER (pg. 162-167). OCTOBER (pg. 167-172). NOVEMBER (pg. 172-174). DECEMBER (pg. 174-178).