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Purpose: Security measures have become increasingly important due to the expansion of the cyber environments. National and international entities are exposing themselves to cybersecurity risks, and they are growing in number every day.   Theoretical Framework: With a comprehensive cybersecurity plan, threats can be eliminated. Implementing this plan is possible by involving all stakeholders in the management processes because the idea of management is insufficient. To ensure cybersecurity, this study highlights the significance of cybersecurity and cybergovernance in the digital world.   Design: The study findings and recommendations for cybersecurity governance were reviewed. A scoping review research model was used for this purpose.   Findings:A basic and documentary research model related to research philosophy were developed for the application technique. The scope of the research includes publications from Scopus. Studies from the last ten years were downloaded using the selected keywords.   Originality: The results show that despite research that has led to local cybersecurity governance solutions in several countries, a comprehensive governance framework has not yet been established. Instead, there is a hidden conflict over control of this region, not its governance.”  

Legal regulation and practical implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in Kazakhstan’s criminal procedure are considered within the context of judicial digital transformation. Risks arise for fundamental procedural principles, including the presumption of innocence, adversarial process, and protection of individual rights and freedoms. Legislative mechanisms ensuring lawful and rights-based application of AI in criminal proceedings are required to maintain procedural balance. Comparative legal analysis, formal legal research, and a systemic approach reveal gaps in existing legislation: absence of clear definitions, insufficient regulation, and lack of accountability for AI use. Legal recognition of AI and the establishment of procedural safeguards are essential. The novelty of the study lies in the development of concrete approaches to the introduction of artificial intelligence technologies into criminal procedure, taking into account Kazakhstan’s practical experience with the digitalization of criminal case management. Unlike existing research, which examines AI in the legal profession primarily from a theoretical perspective, this work proposes detailed mechanisms for integrating models and algorithms into the processing of criminal cases. The implementation of AI in criminal justice enhances the efficiency, transparency, and accuracy of case handling by automating document preparation, data analysis, and monitoring compliance with procedural deadlines. At the same time, several constraints persist, including dependence on the quality of training datasets, the impossibility of fully replacing human legal judgment, and the need to uphold the principles of the presumption of innocence, the right to privacy, and algorithmic transparency. The findings of the study underscore the potential of AI, provided that procedural safeguards are strictly observed and competent authorities exercise appropriate oversight. Two potential approaches are outlined: selective amendments to the Criminal Procedure Code concerning rights protection, privacy, and judicial powers; or adoption of a separate provision on digital technologies and AI. Implementation of these measures would create a balanced legal framework that enables effective use of AI while preserving core procedural guarantees.

A body of jurisprudence is emerging in Africa's most active regional courts on the independence of national judiciaries. This article reveals that while regional case law relevantly echoes efforts by municipal courts to safeguard themselves, circumstances demonstrate that such case law requires greater contextualization across systems. In this regard, the traditional paradigm of linking independence to executive appointments does not empirically stand the test of the multiplicity of independence factors, executive-free regimes have not proved effective in safeguarding independence, and legal traditions or judicial systems have increasingly become irrelevant to the effectiveness of any independence regime. Factors that transcend the traditional determinants of executive control include the nature and functions of the court involved, and the history and background of the judicial structure of the country or region. Notably, the discussion also reveals the need to strike a critical balance between individual rights to a fair trial and inter-state directive policy towards judicial independence as set out in the African Charter.

El texto aborda la relevancia de las órdenes estructurales como una herramienta judicial vital para impulsar reformas en instituciones que violan derechos constitucionales, particularmente en contextos donde se afecta a grandes grupos de personas. Originadas en Estados Unidos con el fallo de Brown v. Board of Education, en 1954, estas sentencias han ganado aceptación global, adaptándose a contextos locales y desempeñando un rol activo en la protección de derechos humanos y la corrección de problemas estructurales y sistémicos. Así mismo, se han implementado en diversas áreas como mejoras carcelarias, eliminación de discriminación racial, y reformas en salud y bienestar, bajo supervisión judicial continua. Sin embargo, han generado controversia por percibirse como una intromisión excesiva del poder judicial en la administración pública, aunque siguen siendo cruciales para la promoción de la justicia social y la defensa de derechos constitucionales. The text discusses the importance of structural orders as a vital judicial tool for driving reforms in institutions that violate constitutional rights, particularly in contexts affecting large groups of people. Originating in the U.S. with the Brown v. Board of Education ruling in 1954, these judgments have gained global acceptance, adapting to local contexts and playing an active role in the protection of human rights and the correction of structural and systemic problems. They have been implemented in various areas such as prison improvements, elimination of racial discrimination, and health and welfare reforms, under continuous judicial oversight. However, they have generated controversy for being perceived as an excessive intrusion of judicial power into public administration, although they remain crucial for the promotion of social justice and the defense of constitutional rights. O texto discute a relevância das ordens estruturais como uma ferramenta judicial vital para pressionar por reformas em instituições que violam direitos constitucionais, especialmente em contextos em que grandes grupos de pessoas são afetados. Originadas nos Estados Unidos com a decisão Brown v. Board of Education em 1954, essas decisões ganharam aceitação global, adaptando-se aos contextos locais e desempenhando um papel ativo na proteção dos direitos humanos e na correção de problemas estruturais e sistêmicos. Elas também foram implementadas em diversas áreas, como melhoria das prisões, eliminação da discriminação racial e reformas de saúde e bem-estar, sob supervisão judicial contínua. Entretanto, geraram controvérsias por serem percebidas como uma invasão excessiva do Judiciário na administração pública, embora continuem sendo cruciais para a promoção da justiça social e a defesa dos direitos constitucionais.

The ability to assert legal professional privilege is recognised in English law as a fundamental human right. In the United States, attorney-client privilege is one of the most sacrosanct privileges. The use of deferred prosecution agreements (DPAs) in the United States and England and part that corporate cooperation plays raise the concern that if cooperation requires waiver of privilege, privilege is effectively otiose in this context. In the United States, DPAs rekindle evidential and procedural issues of selective waiver and judicial oversight. We contrast the role of the English courts in providing judicial oversight of DPAs with the more limited degree of judicial involvement in the United States. We analyse the intersection of privilege and DPAs, evaluating the requirements for cooperation with the prosecutor and the impact on the entitys ability to assert privilege. We consider whether waiver of privilege forms an essential constituent of cooperation and the possibility and consequences of limited/selective waiver. The optimum position is that waiver should not be perceived as a prerequisite to cooperation for the purpose of obtaining a DPA. The US approach to the relationship between cooperation and waiver of privilege comes closer to the optimum position than does the English approach. In contrast, active judicial oversight in England is preferable to the more limited exercise in the United States, and the availability of limited waiver in England provides a degree of protection to the corporation that corporations lack when waiving privilege or considering whether to do so.

Resumo Este artigo analisa uma proposta específica de supervisão do processo democrático por cortes constitucionais denominada teoria da competição política. Argumentamos que a teoria oferece insights metodológicos que podem orientar as cortes, inclusive o Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF), na abordagem e resolução de disputas relacionadas à constitucionalidade de regras eleitorais que estruturam o processo democrático. Oferecemos uma releitura da decisão do STF na ADI n. 4.650, sugerindo que uma preocupação estrutural com a preservação da competição política orientou, ainda que de forma nem sempre articulada, as posições das correntes majoritária e minoritária a respeito da constitucionalidade das doações eleitorais por pessoas jurídicas. De acordo com essa releitura, existiriam boas razões para que doações desse tipo não fossem consideradas uma prática anticompetitiva extrema que justifique sua proibição pela via judicial. Abstract This article analyses a specific approach to the judicial oversight of the democratic process by constitutional courts, the Theory of Political Competition. We argue that the theory offers methodological insights that may instruct constitutional courts, including the Brazilian Supreme Court, on how to handle constitutional disputes concerning the validity of electoral rules that structure the democratic process. Based on the theory’s proposed approach, we offer a reinterpretation of the Brazilian Supreme Court’s decision on the ADI No. 4.650, whereby we emphasize a structural concern with the protection of political competition. We argue that both the majority and the dissenting opinions shared a structural concern with political competition in their assessment of the constitutionality of corporate electoral donations, and that there exist sound reasons for the court not to consider such donations an extreme anticompetitive practice and, thus, unconstitutional. Resumen Este artículo analiza una propuesta específica para la supervisión del proceso democrático por parte de los tribunales constitucionales denominada teoría de la competencia política. Argumentamos que la teoría ofrece conocimientos metodológicos que pueden orientar a los tribunales, incluido el Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) brasileño, sobre cómo abordar y resolver disputas relacionadas con la constitucionalidad de las reglas electorales que estructuran el proceso democrático. Destacamos, sin embargo, limitaciones de la propuesta que recomiendan cautela en su eventual adopción por los tribunales. Así, ofrecemos una relectura de la decisión del STF en la ADI n. 4.650, en la que sugerimos que una preocupación estructural con la preservación de la competencia política guió, aunque a veces de forma poco articulada, las posiciones de las corrientes mayoritarias y minoritarias respecto la constitucionalidad de las donaciones electorales por personas jurídicas. Según esta lectura, existen buenas razones por las que las donaciones de este tipo no deben ser consideradas una práctica anticompetitiva extrema capaz de justificar su prohibición por vía judicial.

The article examines how regional integration courts can act as judicial brakes, at a time when “constitutional coups” – leaders staying in power past constitutional time limits or other forms of actions against the spirit if not always the letter of the constitution – are alarmingly common. The article discusses how regional courts can be used to modify or protect national rule of law and the constitutional order from the outside (i.e. from the regional integration aspect) and the extent to which this can be valid particularly to promote a uniform interpretation and application of human rights. Although this trend is visible in Europe, it is more striking, because less expected, on other continents, in particular Africa and the Americas, where the developments take place in less than perfect democratic environments. The article contains evidence from cases dealt with in the various regional courts, supporting that a system of political and judicial oversight, especially in regions with weak or fragile democratic systems, can be a useful addition to national judicial or other mechanisms of protection of rule of law and control of the executive. Action by regional courts helps defeat perceptions of majoritarian politics, which in many countries allow for the winner to take all. Under a system of regional oversight, states become aware of the limits they themselves have set and citizens become aware of their possibilities to challenge political power.

The first Family Drug Court was established in Reno in 1994, and it implemented some of the same key factors that had improved outcomes in criminal cases: frequent judicial oversight, an emphasis on treatment, and a collaborative team approach on each case. There are now more than 400 Family Drug Courts (sometimes called Dependency Treatment Courts) in the United States, and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention provide significant funding to U.S. jurisdictions to implement, expand, and enhance Family Drug Courts. This chapter details a case study to describe the experience of Kim, a 23‐year‐old woman whose infant daughter was removed by Child Protective Services 2 days after the child was born.

La Jurisprudencia constitucional nacional e internacional ha precisado los aspectos que integran el derecho de acceso a la justicia en el contexto de un Estado constitucional como el colombiano. Estos aspectos se refieren al acceso a un juez o tribunal independiente, en condiciones de igualdad y sin obstáculos desproporcionados que dificulten la resolución del caso en un plazo razonable. En la ciudad de Santiago de Cali el Grupo de Acciones Públicas de la Universidad Icesi (GAPI) trabajó el caso de los usuarios de la justicia local que durante el trámite de sus asuntos a través de los consultorios jurídicos experimentaron obstáculos en el acceso o tratos discriminatorios en los despachos judiciales de la ciudad. Estas prácticas se abordaron en un contexto macro de dificultades objetivas derivadas de la precariedad de la infraestructura de la justicia local. Dado que el trabajo del Grupo incluye la defensa de los derechos de usuarios y consumidores, se decidió constituir una veeduría judicial, reconocida por la Personería Municipal, y organizar a partir de ella una investigación exploratoria sobre las interacciones entre usuarios y funcionarios que podrían identificarse como barreras al acceso a la justicia. Este artículo expone los resultados de este trabajo, mediante la descripción de prácticas concretas que dificultan el acceso a la justicia de los usuarios de los consultorios jurídicos de la ciudad y que afectan la confianza ciudadana en la administración de justicia. A partir de estos hallazgos se formulan recomendaciones realizables, que tienen como fin la corrección de los problemas identificados. Palabras Clave: Acceso a la justicia, administración de justicia, enfoque diferencial, veeduría judicial, grupos vulnerables, consultorios jurídicos. International and Colombian case law have set the content of the right to access to judicial systems in a constitutional state of law such as Colombia. This content includes the due process of law and the guarantee of equal access to an independent tribunal or court without obstacles based on discriminatory practices that might extend the legal process beyond a reasonable term. As part of its task of defending the rights of vulnerable populations, the Human Rights Clinic of the Universidad Icesi, GAPI, worked on a case of a group of legal practitioners representing a poor population that faced discrimination against in their access to local judicial authorities. The GAPI established vigilance on the local judicial system in order to determine both structural and subjective causes of the discriminatory practices. This vigilance was undertaken in accordance with the provisions of the Law 850 of 2003. In doing so the clinic designed the instruments for collecting information, which allowed us to undertake exploratory research about the way that cultural factors--including practices, beliefs and values--become barriers to the proper functioning of the judicial system. This article shows the results of this case and describes the cultural factors that make access to judiciary system difficult for clients, making it slower and untrustworthy. Based on these findings, the authors make recommendations intended to rectify the identified problem. Key words: justice access, justice administration, differential approach, judicial oversight, vulnerable groups, legal practitioners representing.

Effective, efficient and transparent management of public resources is particularly important in a poor country like Niger. This study shows how difficult it is for Niger to significantly change its expenditure composition in a short time span. A narrow and volatile domestic resource base, heavy dependence on aid, and a large share of pre-determined expenditures such as external debt payments are important factors behind this lack of flexibility. There are ways, though, to create space in the budget for increasing public spending on priority sectors. The study identifies a number of measures in this regard, such as increasing domestic revenues, more realistic and conservative budgeting, strengthening cash management, controlling the wage bill, prudent borrowing and attracting higher external financing for recurrent costs in priority sectors. The study also shows that enhancing the efficiency and transparency of public spending is as important as increasing spending for PRS priority sectors. It thoroughly assesses public management systems in Niger and presents an action plan, jointly elaborated by the Government and its main external partners, to address the main challenges in this area. This action plan contains a priority set of measures to improve budget preparation, execution as well as internal and external oversight.