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Durante las décadas finales del siglo xv se constata la intervención de varios miembros de la aljama de judíos de Medina del Campo en dos disputas familiares relacionadas con la devolución de los bienes matrimoniales y de la herencia. Aplicando un enfoque histórico-social y jurídico, el análisis de la casuística escogida revela las identidades, competencias y actuaciones de varios rabinos, jueces y árbitros, así como de otros agentes. La particularidad de los casos reside en el propio procedimiento judicial, que carece de orden de prelación en la aplicación de la normativa, y en el recurso a arbitrajes como medida previa o paralela de mediación entre las partes.

Abstract This article investigates the managerial competences that are most important for state trial court judges in the performance of their managerial tasks, and the relationship between these competences and management practice. This topic has not been fully explored in the scientific literature and the present study employed a qualitative approach supported by interviews, and document analysis. The research is a case study of the trial court of Espinosa City, of the Minas Gerais State Court, Brazil. The performance of this court is outstanding when compared with other similar trial courts. We interviewed 13 key actors in that judicial unit, including four judges, the court secretariat manager, five officials, a social worker, a prosecutor, and a lawyer. Each interview was conducted using a semi-structured interview schedule. The data was assessed using content analysis, with the support of ATLAS.ti and Iramuteq software. The results evidence eight judges’ managerial competencies and one resource (support team expansion). The competences are the following: People Management and Team Leadership, Judicial Proceedings Management, Communication, Systemic Vision, Innovative Action, Information Management, Technical Managerial Competence, and Outcomes-Oriented Management. These results and their relationship with court performance are herein discussed. A research agenda, managerial implications and improvements in the Judiciary’s management policies are also set out. Resumo Este artigo investiga as competências gerenciais de juízes de primeiro grau mais relevantes para o desempenho judicial e a relação dessas competências na prática de gestão. A pesquisa aborda um tema pouco explorado na literatura científica e foi desenvolvida a partir de uma abordagem qualitativa apoiada em entrevistas e análise documental. Trata-se de um estudo de caso da vara judicial da cidade de Espinosa, do Tribunal de Justiça de Minas Gerais, a qual se destacou em desempenho, quando comparada com varas semelhantes. Foram entrevistados 13 atores-chave dessa unidade judicial, sendo quatro juízes, o gerente da secretaria, cinco funcionários, uma assistente social, um promotor e um advogado, com apoio de um roteiro semiestruturado de entrevistas. A técnica de análise de conteúdo, com suporte dos softwares ATLAS.ti e Iramuteq, foi utilizada na análise dos dados. Os resultados mostram oito competências gerenciais de juízes e um recurso (expansão da equipe de suporte). As competências são as seguintes: Gestão de Pessoas e Liderança da Equipe, Gestão do Processo Judicial, Comunicação, Visão Sistêmica, Ação Inovadora, Gestão da Informação, Competência Técnica Gerencial, e Gestão Orientada para Resultados. Esses resultados e suas relações com desempenho judicial são discutidos, e são apresentadas uma agenda de pesquisa, implicações gerenciais e sugestões de melhorias em políticas de gestão do Judiciário. Resumen Este artículo investiga las habilidades directivas de los jueces relevantes para el desempeño judicial y la relación de estas competencias en la práctica de gestión. La investigación aborda un tema poco explorado en la literatura científica y se desarrolló desde un enfoque cualitativo apoyado en entrevistas y análisis de documentos. Este es un estudio de caso del Juzgado de la ciudad de Espinosa, del Tribunal de Justicia de Minas Gerais, que destacó en rendimiento en comparación con Juzgados similares. Fueron entrevistados 13 actores claves de esta unidad judicial, cuatro de los cuales son jueces, el gerente de secretaría, cinco empleados, un trabajador social, un fiscal y un abogado, con base en una guía de entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis de los datos se realizó con el apoyo de los softwares ATLAS.ti e Iramuteq. Los resultados muestran ocho habilidades gerenciales de los jueces y un recurso (expansión del equipo de soporte). Las competencias son las siguientes: Gestión de Personas y Liderazgo de Equipos, Gestión de Procesos Judiciales, Comunicación, Visión Sistémica, Acción Innovadora, Gestión de la Información, Competencia Técnica de Gestión y Gestión Orientada a Resultados. Estos resultados y sus relaciones con el desempeño judicial son discutidos, y son presentadas una agenda de investigación, implicaciones gerenciales y sugerencias para mejorar las políticas de gestión judicial.

The article addresses legal, social, and economic issues arising from the introduction of artificial intelligence in the judiciary. The primary focus of the article is the protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms in the context of applying artificial intelligence in judicial proceedings. The methodology employed includes deductive, comparative, historical, prognostic, structural, and functional methods, as well as system analysis and scientific generalization. A wide range of international experiences in applying artificial intelligence systems within the judiciaries of various countries, such as the USA, China, India, Brazil, and the UK, is examined. Significant attention is devoted to the legislation of countries that have already integrated artificial intelligence into their justice systems. Moreover, particular emphasis is placed on the first comprehensive act of international legislation dedicated to artificial intelligence—the AI Act of the European Union. It is demonstrated that the use of artificial intelligence can increase the efficiency of judicial proceedings and facilitate access to justice for ordinary people. However, concerns remain regarding technological accessibility and fairness, a lack of public trust, transparency, the potential compromising of judicial authority, and the financial costs associated with introducing AI tools in courts. The conclusion drawn is that a robust legal framework, along with human oversight and ethical standards concerning artificial intelligence, is essential for protecting fundamental human rights and maintaining public confidence in the judiciary.

The relationship between the judge and the parties to judicial proceedings must entail communication, including appropriate reactions, during the proceedings and be balanced and respectful, despite different views being held. Irrespective of a judge disagreeing with the parties and any actions by the parties in breach of the law, the judge is supposed to provide the parties with a genuine sense of respect. Judges thereby help realise the human dignity of the individuals involved in judicial proceedings. However, the abstract nature of the concept of human dignity means empirical research on the realisation of human dignity remains modest at the scientific level. This article builds a research framework for researching the ways in which the human dignity of an individual (more specifically, the accused person) is realised in the vertical relationships (judicial authority–individual) during criminal proceedings. In this respect, the article opens the door for future empirical research on the realisation of human dignity.

Leaders in public affairs identify tools and instruments for the new governance through networks of public, private, and nonprofit organizations. We argue the new governance also involves people-the tool makers and tool users-and the processes through which they participate in the work of government. Practitioners are using new quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial governance processes, including deliberative democracy, e-democracy, public conversations, participatory budgeting, citizen juries, study circles, collaborative policy making, and alternative dispute resolution, to permit citizens and stakeholders to actively participate in the work of government. We assess the existing legal infrastructure authorizing public managers to use new governance processes and discuss a selection of quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial new governance processes in international, federal, state, and local public institutions. We conclude that public administration needs to address these processes in teaching and research to help the public sector develop and use informed best practices.

North American Muslims seeking to resolve their private disputes confront multifaceted access to justice issues. Since Islamic marriage and divorce laws do not always align with North American family legislative schemes, Muslims are burdened with trying to simultaneously meet their obligations toward both legal systems. Unlike secular law, Islamic divorce proceedings require either the husband’s eventual consent or the availability of a Muslim judge. They also prescribe substantive obligations and rights for divorcees that are comparable to corollary relief provided by family law statutes. The absence of religious quasi-judicial dispute resolutions poses barriers to Muslims obtaining a religious divorce or annulment, and to acquiring subsequent relief, such as financial settlements and custody, in accordance with their religious beliefs. To respond to these overlapping barriers, this paper analyzes forms of Islamic legal authority to grant religious divorce or annulment, and to mediate or arbitrate corollary relief using religious law. The paper concludes with recommendations for a holistic framework to settle family disputes in compliance with Islamic law and in a legally enforceable manner.

The article studies the challenges faced by the judicial branch of the Russian Federation. The avalanche of legal cases has reduced the quality of judicial acts and undermined the objective resolution of legal conflicts. In 2018, the Russian legislator attempted to reform judicial proceedings and introduced extrajudicial proceedings but there are still many unresolved issues that will be addressed in this article. The authors believe that the problems experienced by the judicial branch are caused by the imperfection of the current legislation, as well as economic and political grounds. Without dwelling on political foundations, the article reveals economic and legal causes of such problems. The authors used the methods of synthesis, comparative, structural-functional and statistical analysis, as well as interviewing. The study aims at determining negative causes that delay court hearings and result in unlawful and unjustified judicial acts. The authors have revealed causes for the unsatisfactory performance of the judicial branch in the Russian Federation and proposed certain ways to address these causes. They have also drawn the following conclusion: the separation of powers into three branches (the legislative, executive and judicial branches) in the modern world is outdated since the fourth power has already emerged in many states. Sometimes the so-called presidential branch becomes superior to the first two types and affects the judicial one.