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\"It is often a curious experience for me to lecture about design and behavior in correctional settings because of the different groups of people with different kinds of expertise who may be in the audience. When I am speaking to Criminal Justice/Corrections professionals some of the concepts I discuss are well known (such as the history of prisons, the direct supervision system of design and management, the nature of prison crowding and isolation) but much of the psychology, especially environmental psychology -- including research methodology, stress, post occupancy evaluation, personal space and territoriality, psychology of crowding -- is not. If I speak to psychologists just the opposite is true, and a meeting of architects presents a different set of competencies entirely. So it is with this book. Some topics will be well-known to corrections people, others to psychologists, and still different ones for designers. The hard part is always in figuring out which elements of familiarity can be assumed and which need deeper background. I hope that parts of this book will be of interest to all of those groups -- as well as others such as policy makers\"-- Provided by publisher.

Combining extensive interviews with his own experience as an inmate, John Irwin constructs a powerful and graphic description of the big-city jail. Unlike prisons, which incarcerate convicted felons, jails primarily confine arrested persons not yet charged or convicted of any serious crime. Irwin argues that rather than controlling the disreputable, jail disorients and degrades these people, indoctrinating new recruits to the rabble class. In a forceful conclusion, Irwin addresses the issue of jail reform and the matter of social control demanded by society. Reissued more than twenty years after its initial publication with a new foreword by Jonathon Simon, The Jail remains an extraordinary account of the role jails play in America's crisis of mass incarceration.

Institution-level wastewater-based surveillance was implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, including in carceral facilities. We examined the relationship between COVID-19 diagnostic test results of residents in a jail in Atlanta, Georgia, USA (average population ≈2,700), and quantitative reverse transcription PCR signal for SARS-CoV-2 in weekly wastewater samples collected during October 2021‒May 2022. The jail offered residents rapid antigen testing at entry and periodic mass screenings by reverse transcription PCR of self-collected nasal swab specimens. We aggregated individual test data, calculated the Spearman correlation coefficient, and performed logistic regression to examine the relationship between strength of SARS-CoV-2 PCR signal (cycle threshold value) in wastewater and percentage of jail population that tested positive for COVID-19. Of 13,745 nasal specimens collected, 3.9% were COVID-positive (range 0%-29.5% per week). We observed a strong inverse correlation between diagnostic test positivity and cycle threshold value (r = -0.67; p<0.01). Wastewater-based surveillance represents an effective strategy for jailwide surveillance of COVID-19.

Background For nearly two decades, it has been widely recognized that individuals in jail settings have a high prevalence of opioid use disorders (OUD) and are highly susceptible to fatal overdose upon their release. This setting provides a public health opportunity to address OUD with Medication for Opioid Use Disorders (MOUDs). Yet, 56% of jails do not provide MOUD, creating a pressing need for better implementation approaches in jail and the hand-off to the community. Two successful implementation strategies, NIATx external coaching and the Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) case management telementoring model, were compared to address this persistent treatment gap. Methods This 2 × 2 design compared high ( n  = 12) and low ( n  = 4) dose coaching with and without ECHO in a 12-month intervention and 12 M sustainability period. The national trial included 25 jails and 13 community-based partners. MOUD trends for buprenorphine, methadone, injectable naltrexone, and combined MOUD between the study arms were assessed. Results Jail sizes ranged from 24% with < 100 and 24% with > 500 daily population, and community-based treatment providers ranged from 63% with < 50 and 7% with > 500 average monthly OUD intakes. New patient counts were found to significantly increase across the intervention phase for buprenorphine ( p  < .01) and combined MOUD ( p  < .01). Injectable naltrexone and methadone showed no consistent, significant gains. For sites with low coaching without ECHO, new patient counts for combined MOUD were predicted to increase by 47.44% during the intervention phase and 7.30% during the sustainability phase. ECHO demonstrated that MOUD use did not significantly increase compared to coaching across MOUDs in the intervention phase ( p  = .517). High- and low-dose coaching showed no significant differences in MOUD use during the intervention phase ( p  = .124). Conclusions Coaching emerged as a more effective implementation strategy than ECHO for increasing buprenorphine use in jail settings. In practice, ECHO sessions offered considerable overlap with coaching strategies. While high-dose coaching had greater gains for MOUDs overall than low-dose coaching, those gains were statistically insignificant, suggesting low-dose coaching to be more economical. To increase MOUD use in jail settings, jurisdictions should focus on new MOUDs so all three MOUDs are available and enhance the post-incarceration continuum of care. Trial registration Name of registry: ClinicalTrials.gov. Trial registration number: NCT04363320. Date of registration: 2020–07-30. URL of trial registry record: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04363320?term=molfenter&rank=7 .

The COVID-19 pandemic was an unprecedented time in the United States, resulting in substantive changes to policy and practice to curb the spread of the virus. This was nowhere more evident than in the criminal legal system where agencies implemented a wide-variety of policies to limit the spread of COVID-19. In addition to limiting the spread, the criminal legal system’s response to the pandemic could have impacted the functioning of the system, potentially reducing the number of and speed at which individuals reencountered the system after an initial booking. To date, however, no research has been conducted to examine how the legal system’s response to the pandemic influenced the speed at which individuals became reinvolved in the system. Through reliance on jail data from five jurisdictions across the United States, the current study examined if being booked into jail after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with the number of days until the individual experienced a subsequent booking into jail. The findings suggested that the legal system’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic delayed individual’s reinvolvement in the criminal legal system, permitting more individuals to live in the community than in a facility. These findings suggest that more research is needed to identify the specific policies and procedures that increased the time until an individual became reinvolved in the system, as it could help diminish the number of individuals processed through the system on multiple occasions.

The United States has the unenviable distinction of having the highest rate of incarceration and the most people under correctional control-more than 6.7 million people. Although we often refer to this as \"mass\" incarceration, the criminal legal system's discriminatory impacts are disproportionately concentrated in Black and Latino communities: one in three Black men and one in six Latino men born in 2001 can expecttogo to jail or prison at some point in their lifetime. At this magnitude, mass incarceration is a key structural driver of not only individual and population health but also racial health disparities across numerous health outcomes.Although the role of incarceration in driving many racial health inequities has been long recognized, during the COVID19 pandemic this attention was amplified because correctional facilities comprise the largest number of single-site cluster outbreaks. Given that Black, Latino, and Native American people are overrepresented in correctional settings, from a population health perspective, these groups will most certainly be most affected by COVID-19 outbreaks in prisons and jails. According to COVID Prison Project data, as of October 2020 more than 10% of the US prison population has been infected with SARS-CoV-2 and more than 1200 people in prison have died from the COVID-19.There are now documented racial disparities in COVID-19 case, testing, and mortality rates in the general population. In particular, there are large disparities in COVID-19-related deaths, with Black people having the highest mortality rate across age groups.2 Yet, the role of incarceration in contributing to disparities is still being explored. Preliminary research from Cook County, Illinois shows that jail churn-the cycling of people in and out of jails-is associated with 15.9% of all COVID-19 cases in Chicago, making it a stronger predictor than other factors known to be associated with COVID-19 spread.3 Although race was not directly assessed in the study, the authors noted, \"In Chicago, although Black residents make up only 30% of the population, they represent 75% of the Cook County Jail population and 72% of the city's COVID-19-related deaths.\"3(p1417) Greater data transparency with demographic disaggregation on the part of prisons and jails is necessary to understand inequities in prisons and jails as well as the role of correctional institutions in broader community-level disparities.

In light of escalating concerns about the increasing number of individuals in United States’ jails with mental health conditions, the current investigation sought to examine population trends in psychotropic prescription patterns in 34 jails over an 11-year epoch. Leveraging data from a largescale, multisite database derived from 1,251,837 jail detainees’ electronic health records (i.e., the Repository of Electronic Archives in Correctional Healthcare, or REACH, database), General Estimating Equations (GEE) models were used to estimate population-averaged probabilities of prescriptions for any psychotropic agent and specific agent classes (e.g., antianxiety, antidepressant, antipsychotic, anticonvulsant). While GEE analysis revealed year-to-year variability, overall significant increases (i.e., > 100%) in prescription probability were observed for all agent classes from 2013 to 2023 except lithium, which declined significantly over time. Notably, the prescription probability for antipsychotic agents increased 249% during the study epoch. These findings add further evidence of the increasing mental health needs of jail populations. To better understand the increase in psychotropic prescriptions among jail detainees, additional inquiries should explore the clinical justification, therapeutic value, and impact of treatment compliance.

Drawing on a 15-month ethnographic study of a drug court, we investigate how actors from different institutional and professional backgrounds employ logical frameworks in their micro-level interactions and thus how logics affect day-to-day organizational activity. While institutional theory presumes that professionals closely adhere to the logics of their professional groups, we find that actors exercise a great deal of agency in their everyday use of logics, both in terms of which logics they adopt and for what purpose. Available logics closely resemble tools that can be creatively employed by actors to achieve individual and organizational goals. A close analysis of court negotiations allowed us to identify the logics that are available to these actors, show how they are employed, and demonstrate how their use affects the severity of the court's decisions. We examine the ways in which professionals with four distinct logical orientations—the logics of criminal punishment, rehabilitation, community accountability, and efficiency—use logics to negotiate decisions in a drug court. We provide evidence of the discretionary use of these logics, specifying the procedural, definitional, and dispositional constraints that limit actors' discretion and propose an explanation for why professionals stray from their \"home\" logics and \"hijack\" the logics of other court actors. Examining these micro-level processes improves our understanding of how local actors use logics to manage institutional complexity, reach consensus, and get the work of the court done.

BackgroundMillions of people pass through U.S. jails annually. Conducting research about these public institutions is critical to understanding on-the-ground policies and practices, especially health care services, affecting millions of people. However, there is no existing database of the number, location, or contact information of jails. We created the National Jails Compendium to address this gap. In this paper, we detail our comprehensive methodology for identifying jail locations and contact information. We then describe the first research project to use the Compendium, a survey assessing jails’ treatment practices for incarcerated pregnant people with opioid use disorder.ResultsThis study sent surveys electronically or in paper form to all 2986 jails in the Compendium, with 1139 surveys returned. We outline the process for using the Compendium, highlighting challenges in reaching contacts through case examples, cataloging responses and non-responses, and defining what counts as a jail.ConclusionWe aim to provide tools for future researchers to use the Compendium as well as a pathway for keeping it current. The Compendium provides transparency that aids in understanding jail policies and practices. Such information may help devise interventions to ensure humane, evidence-based treatment of incarcerated people.

In the growing field of research on the consequences of criminal justice contact for family life, a heavy emphasis has been placed on how imprisonment influences the emotional, physical, and socioeconomic well-being of prisoners' loved ones. In this article, I elaborate on and analyze the experiences of family members of people with frequent, low-level criminal justice involvement. I draw on ethnographic data collected in partnership with a clinical social worker over the course of a three-year study of an intensive case management intervention for HIV-positive individuals. Findings indicate that loved ones' brief jail stays and community supervision through probation and parole pose hardships for family members that are distinct from those hardships that arise during imprisonment. These experiences are uniquely destabilizing, may confer specific risks to family members' well-being, and merit further study to inform programs, social services, and public policy.