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"Japan Appropriations and expenditures History."
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Spending Without Taxation
Governments confront difficult political choices when they must determine how to balance their spending. But what would happen if a government found a means of spending without taxation? In this book, Gene Park demonstrates how the Japanese government established and mobilized an enormous off-budget spending system, the Fiscal Investment Loan Program (FILP), which drew on postal savings, public pensions, and other funds to pay for its priorities and reduce demands on the budget.
Park's book argues that this system underwrote a distinctive postwar political bargain, one that eschewed the rise of the welfare state and Keynesianism, but that also came with long-term political and economic costs that continue to this day. By drawing attention to FILP, this study resolves key debates in Japanese politics and also makes a larger point about public finance, demonstrating that governments can finance their activities not only through taxes but also through financial mechanisms to allocate credit and investment. Such \"policy finance\" is an important but often overlooked form of public finance that can change the political calculus of government fiscal choices.
eBook
Spending Without Taxation
This book chronicles the rise and fall of the long-ruling Liberal Democratic Party's political strategy of using an off-budget financial mechanism--the Fiscal Investment Loan Program--to deliver the seemingly impossible: low taxes, high spending and balanced budgets.
Book
Strategic Interaction Among Local Governments in Japan: An Application to Cultural Expenditure
In the context of limited local government resources, cultural expenditures are often targeted for reduction. In Japan in particular, with its aging population, cultural expenditures have low priority. This paper examines whether or not local governments strategically influence each other with respect to cultural spending, using data from Japanese local governments. By estimating the reaction functions for local cultural expenditures, we find that there exists free-rider behaviour between local cultural expenditures that produce beneficial spillover effects. We also find a larger free-rider incentive the shorter the distance between neighbouring regions, the shorter the travel time between neighbouring regions, and the larger the neighbouring region’s population. Furthermore, our results reveal that the provision of cultural services through intergovernmental strategic behaviours is more elastic with respect to the relative change of the distance or the travel time among neighbouring regions than to that of the population size among neighbouring regions.
Journal Article
Military expenditures and economic growth
This title explores the historical relationship between economic growth and military expenditure. It examines how the great powers' military expenditures responded to economic growth during the period 1870-1940, and proposes plausible explanations for the relationship in each country.
eBook