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Handbook of Japanese Christian Writers
Although a century and a half of Christian proselytizing has only led to the conversion of about one percent of the Japanese population, the proportion of writers who have either been baptized or significantly influenced in their work by Christian teachings is much higher. The seventeen authors examined in this volume have all employed themes and imagery in their writings influenced by Christian teachings. Those writing between the 1880s and the start of World War II were largely drawn to the Protestant emphasis on individual freedom, though many of them eventually rejected sectarian affiliation. Since 1945, on the other hand, Catholicism has produced a number of religiously committed authors, led by figures such as Endo Shusaku, the most popular and influential Christian writer in Japan to date. The authors discussed in these essays have contributed in a variety of ways to the indigenization of the imported religion.
eBook
Nationalism and Economic Exchange: Evidence from Shocks to Sino-Japanese Relations
We study the impact of nationalism and interstate frictions on international economic relations by analyzing market reaction to adverse shocks to Sino-Japanese relations in 2005 and 2010. Japanese companies with high China exposure suffer relative declines during each event window; a symmetric effect is observed for Chinese companies with high Japanese exposure. The effect on Japanese companies is more pronounced for those operating in industries dominated by Chinese state-owned enterprises, whereas firms with high Chinese employment experience lower declines. These results emphasize the role of countries' economic and political institutions in mediating the impact of interstate frictions on firm-level outcomes.
Journal Article
Real Options and Foreign Affiliate Divestments: A Portfolio Perspective
This paper develops a real options portfolio perspective on foreign affiliate divestments. Affiliates are less likely to be divested in response to adverse environmental change if they represent growth or switch option value to the multinational firm under conditions of macroeconomic uncertainty. However, the affiliate is partially redundant to the option value of the multinational firm's affiliate portfolio if the affiliate shares the manufacturing platform role in the host country with other affiliates, or if macroeconomic conditions of the host country are highly correlated with those of other countries in which the multinational firm operates affiliates. We find strong support for these arguments in tests on a comprehensive sample of 1078 Asian manufacturing affiliates of Japanese electronics multinationals.
Journal Article
Market Potential and the Location of Japanese Investment in the European Union
This paper develops a theoretical model of location choice under imperfect competition to formalize the notion that firms prefer to locate \"where the markets are.\" The profitability of a location depends on a term that weights demand in all locations by accessibility. Using a sample of Japanese firms' choices of regions within European countries, we compare the theoretically derived measure of market potential with the standard form used by geographers. Our results show that market potential matters for location choice but cannot account entirely for the tendency of firms in the same industry to agglomerate.
Journal Article
Learning from age difference: Interorganizational learning and survival in Japanese foreign subsidiaries
This paper extends research on experiential learning of foreign subsidiaries by exploring the temporal conditions under which a foreign subsidiary can benefit from the experience of its sister subsidiaries. Building upon organizational evolution and learning literature, we propose that differences in entry timing among sister subsidiaries provide structural conditions that bound the opportunities for inter-subsidiary learning. We argue that different entry cohorts of sister subsidiaries are beneficial to a focal subsidiary, as they provide non-redundant, complementary experience from their different operational stages, and ignite the motivation to learn. Our empirical analysis of Japanese foreign subsidiaries provides strong evidence that survival is enhanced by the experience of different entry cohorts of sister subsidiaries, but not by that of similar cohorts. Qualitative evidence also shows that multiple channels of experience exchange across sister subsidiaries lead to actual learning. We further show that the survival benefit derived from different cohorts is contingent on the level of environmental change, as well as on the level of experience of the focal subsidiary and its parent firm. Our research highlights the importance of temporal heterogeneity in the internationalization process, and offers implications for the temporal strategy of multinational companies.
Journal Article
Corporate Social Responsibility in International Business: Illustrations from Korean and Japanese Electronics MNEs in Indonesia
Employing Porter and Kramer's corporate social responsibility (CSR) framework (Harv Bus Rev 84:78–92, 2006), we explored the strategic CSR programs of two Korean and two Japanese electronics multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Indonesia. We observed that the sample MNEs engage in strategic CSR either through investment in competitive context or the transformation of value chain activities. In addition, these firms strongly favor strategic CSR over responsive CSR, not just because of the economic benefits offered by the former, but also its advantages in managing the programs and communicating with stakeholders. Furthermore, they have developed varied organizational methods and tend to manage their key CSR programs centrally to effectively link them to the competitive strategy. Lastly, the results of our analysis suggest that Korean MNEs have customized their strategic CSR programs for emerging countries more actively than Japanese MNEs. In sum, our analysis elucidates several important features of strategic CSR employed by the MNEs in emerging countries.
Journal Article
Playback interviews as a method for research on language ideologies: Citationality, reflexivity, and rapport in interdiscursive encounters
This contribution deals with the use of playback interviews in interactional sociolinguistics, a method wherein participants review audio or video recordings of their conversations and provide retrospective commentary. I first outline a brief history of the development of the playback method and how it was incorporated into the interactional sociolinguistic research agenda. As theoretical frameworks for playback interviews and their application to research on language ideologies remain underexplored, this article introduces three concepts from linguistic anthropology—citationality, reflexivity, and interdiscursivity—to theorize playback interviews from a semiotic perspective. Departing from these theories, playback interviews are contextualized within broader social dynamics, including participation frames, power, and rapport that are inherent in the interviewing process. Drawing on source recordings from interactions between L1 and European L2 users of Japanese in Tokyo, and playback sessions with the L2 users, I illustrate how playback interviews contribute to language-ideological inquiries, for example, perceptions of style and code-switching. The analysis showcases the method’s potential to unveil participants’ metapragmatic awareness and explore the intersection of linguistic structure, practice, and ideology. Playback interviews are positioned as a valuable tool for investigating language ideologies, offering new methodological perspectives through retrospection and reflection on communication.
Journal Article
Survival of Japanese subsidiaries: impacts of sequential investment, institutional distances, and location factors
Most studies still consider foreign direct investment (FDI) a single and independent decision. However, FDI involves sequential and interdependent processes of investments, impacting subsidiary's performance. Surprisingly, little is known about the relationship between sequential FDI (SFDI) and investment failure. Based on institutional theory, this study evaluates how SFDI, institutional distances, and location factors affect subsidiary's survival. The findings indicate that location plays a vital role in a subsidiary's success/failure. Normative and regulatory distances have no impact on survival, and cultural–cognitive distance increases survival probability. However, when considering the moderation of ownership entry strategy, institutional distances play a central role for wholly owned subsidiaries' survival but are not vital for joint ventures. The results show that SFDI at the country level reduces the likelihood of survival. We contribute to the broad study of success/failure and its relationship to SFDI while showing that monitoring time is relevant when applying the institutional theory.
Journal Article
The Motives for International Acquisitions: Capability Procurements, Strategic Considerations, and the Role of Ownership Structures
Multinationals can start up greenfield entities or acquire existing firms to enter foreign nations. Regardless of the choice of greenfield investment vs acquisition, they can control full equity (i.e., wholly owned subsidiaries) or share ownership with local partners (i.e., joint ventures). Depending on the stake taken in the targets, therefore, international acquisitions can be classified into two major categories - full or partial - although this distinction is missing in most previous studies. In this paper, I propose that the motives for acquisitions (vs greenfield investments) are specific to whether entries are made through full or partial ownership, in that full acquisitions are driven mostly by capability procurements, whereas partial acquisitions are motivated by other strategic considerations. By splitting a sample of Japanese investments in the US into two sub-regimes, the study has found that the decision on joint ventures vs wholly owned subsidiaries dictates the determinants that shape the choice between greenfield and acquisitive entries. There is also evidence that Japanese investors self-select the decision on full or partial ownership to justify the strategy that they have chosen to enter the US. These findings offer new insights into the role of ownership structures in shaping the choice of entry strategies.
Journal Article