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تحليل ماكات لكتاب جارد دايموند : أسلحة وجراثيم وفولاذ : مصائر المجتمعات البشرية
لماذا غزا اليورو-آسيويون الأميركيين والأستراليين والأفارقة الأصليين أو طردوهم أو أبادوهم، بدل أن يحدث العكس ؟ في هذا الكتاب المزلزل والذي أصبح أحد كلاسيكيات العصر، يفكك عالم الأحياء التطورية جارد دياموند بطريقة مدهشة النظريات المتأسسة حول التاريخ البشري، من خلال كشفه عوامل بيئية مسؤولة حقيقة عن الأنماط الأعرض للتاريخ. فهنا، أخيرا، تاريخ للعالم هو عن حق، تاريخ لشعوب العالم كلها ورواية موحدة للحياة الإنسانية ويعتبر كتاب \"أسلحة، جراثيم وفولاذ\" إنجازا رئيسيا في فهم المجتمعات البشرية وهو، أي الكتاب الفائز بجائزة \"بوليتزر\" يدون الطريقة التي أصبح فيها العالم المعاصر وتقسيماته غير المتساوية على شاكلته الحالية. إنه عمل غني بالرؤى الدرامية التي ستدهش القراء حتى وهو يتحدى الحكمة التقليدية.
Book
The pairwise approach to analysing species co-occurrence
The analysis of species co‐occurrence patterns continues to be a main pursuit of ecologists, primarily because the coexistence of species is fundamentally important in evaluating various theories, principles and concepts. Examples include community assembly, equilibrium versus non‐equilibrium organization of communities, resource partitioning and ecological character displacement, the local–regional species diversity relationship, and the metacommunity concept. Traditionally, co‐occurrence has been measured and tested at the level of an entire species presence–absence matrix wherein various algorithms are used to randomize matrices and produce statistical null distributions of metrics that quantify structure in the matrix. This approach implicitly recognizes a presence–absence matrix as having some real ecological identity (e.g. a set of species exhibiting nestedness among a set of islands) in addition to being a unit of statistical analysis. An emerging alternative is to test for non‐random co‐occurrence between paired species. The pairwise approach does not analyse matrix‐level structure and thus views a species pair as the fundamental unit of co‐occurrence. Inferring process from pattern is very difficult in analyses of co‐occurrence; however, the pairwise approach may make this task easier by simplifying the analysis and resulting inferences to associations between paired species.
Journal Article
The human experience of social transformation: Insights from comparative archaeology
Archaeologists and other scholars have long studied the causes of collapse and other major social transformations and debated how they can be understood. This article instead focuses on the human experience of living through those transformations, analyzing 18 transformation cases from the US Southwest and the North Atlantic. The transformations, including changes in human securities, were coded based on expert knowledge and data analyzed using Qualitative Comparative Analysis techniques. Results point to the following conclusions: Major transformations, including collapses, generally have a strong and negative impact on human security; flexible strategies that facilitate smaller scale changes may ameliorate those difficulties. Community security is strongly implicated in these changes; strong community security may minimize other negative changes. The relationships among the variables are complex and multi-causal; while social transformation may lead to declines in human securities, declining conditions of life can also push people to transform their societies in negative ways. Results show that some societies are better able to deal with difficulties than others. One important policy implication is that community security and local conditions can be instrumental both in helping people to cope with difficulties and in staving off some of those difficulties. A multi-scalar approach is essential as we face the increasing problems of climate change in the decades ahead.
Journal Article
Jared Diamond's Evolutionary Paradigm of Human Psychology, Towards Nature and Globalization (Its application on District Chiniot)
This research shows that how and what role geography, environment and genetical basis [instincts] of human beings plays in making history, forming culture of humanity and the pathways of individual and collective socio-politics along with human evolution and the journey towards civilization. Jared Diamond theorized this hypothesis with his observations in European boundaries on behalf of the comparison of presently prevailing [day by day deep-rooting] blind modernism and past natural growth of humanity. He presents his thoughts that how human beings evolved from his forefathers who are very much genetically close to their cousins, the chimpanzee and still what similarities they have [show through their actions] with them on behalf of their genetic nearness. Similarly, he also points out the dissimilarities between these two cousin creatures, which is the Wisdom/Reason [possessed by the human beings only]; and this distinction has mainly been used for inhuman development of guns, germs and steel. He also describes the differences in human societies and their psychological approach towards nature and with this approach what they have found, what they have lost and most importantly what would be the ways through which the completion of journey towards Collapse can be halted and prolonged only, not stopped. Here, the objective is to show the universality and very much suitable [relevant] precedent oriented human activities [of almost all societies] through Jared Diamond' s theory as well as to prove its validity by applying on a very small area e.g. District Chiniot of Western Punjab, located in Pakistan. The focus is to find the results those will contribute the nature friendly and Collapse-halted development of this local area if Diamond' s theory is applied here.
Journal Article
VÂRSTNICII
La fel ca și în China, așteptările generale sunt de la sine înțelese și fac parte din cultura populară – rolurile se inversează pe măsură ce părinții îmbătrânesc, iar datoria copilului adult este să-și îngrijească părinții. Cultura mediteraneană, dar și latino-americanii au în centru o mare familie gălăgioasă, mai mult sau mai puțin fericită, dar cu mult mai puțini vârstnici singuri și abandonați. Este o modă răspândită aici ca mai multe generații să trăiască sub același acoperiș și nu doar din motive materiale. Dar și aici, o arată studiile și rapoartele, este în creștere nu doar abandonul, ci și abuzul asupra celor mai în vârstă. În 2017, Gerontological Society of America avertiza că vârstnicii sunt mereu lăsați deoparte, în avalanșa de lupte pentru drepturile minorităților, ale celor de culoare, de tipul BLM, ale celor din comunitățile LGBTI și așa mai departe. Tot Societatea Americană de Gerontologie sublinia faptul că bătrânețea nu este echivalentă cu boala – majoritatea seniorilor sunt sănătoși sau au probleme medicale tratabile și similare cu ale celor din decadele 50-60 ale vieții. Nimeni nu vrea să vorbească despre ele; este ca și cum izolarea celor bătrâni îi ferește pe cei tineri de contaminare.
Journal Article