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"Jingmen"
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Presence of Segmented Flaviviruses in Wild Rodents, Pennsylvania, USA
Identifying viruses in synanthropic animals is necessary for understanding the origin of many viruses that can infect human hosts and developing strategies to prevent new zoonotic infections. The white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus, is one of the most abundant rodent species in the northeastern United States. We characterized the serum virome of 978 free-ranging P. leucopus mice caught in Pennsylvania. We identified many new viruses from 26 different virus families. Among these viruses was a highly divergent segmented flavivirus whose genetic relatives were recently identified in ticks, mosquitos, and vertebrates, including febrile patients. The novel flavi-like segmented virus, isolated from ticks in Pennsylvania, shares ˂70% aa identity with known viruses in the highly conserved region of the viral polymerase. Our data will enable researchers to develop molecular reagents to further characterize this virus and its relatives infecting other hosts and to curtail their spread, if necessary.
Journal Article
Detection of Jingmenviruses in Japan with Evidence of Vertical Transmission in Ticks
Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) and the related jingmenvirus-termed Alongshan virus are recognized as globally emerging human pathogenic tick-borne viruses. These viruses have been detected in various mammals and invertebrates, although their natural transmission cycles remain unknown. JMTV and a novel jingmenvirus, tentatively named Takachi virus (TAKV), have now been identified during a surveillance of tick-borne viruses in Japan. JMTV was shown to be distributed across extensive areas of Japan and has been detected repeatedly at the same collection sites over several years, suggesting viral circulation in natural transmission cycles in these areas. Interestingly, these jingmenviruses may exist in a host tick species-specific manner. Vertical transmission of the virus in host ticks in nature was also indicated by the presence of JMTV in unfed host-questing Amblyomma testudinarium larvae. Further epidemiological surveillance and etiological studies are necessary to assess the status and risk of jingmenvirus infection in Japan.
Journal Article
Geographical and Tick-Dependent Distribution of Flavi-Like Alongshan and Yanggou Tick Viruses in Russia
The genus Flavivirus includes related, unclassified segmented flavi-like viruses, two segments of which have homology with flavivirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5 and RNA helicase-protease NS3. This group includes such viruses as Jingmen tick virus, Alongshan virus, Yanggou tick virus and others. We detected the Yanggou tick virus in Dermacentor nuttalli and Dermacentor marginatus ticks in two neighbouring regions of Russia. The virus prevalence ranged from 0.5% to 8.0%. We detected RNA of the Alongshan virus in 44 individuals or pools of various tick species in eight regions of Russia. The virus prevalence ranged from 0.6% to 7.8%. We demonstrated the successful replication of the Yanggou tick virus and Alongshan virus in IRE/CTVM19 and HAE/CTVM8 tick cell lines without a cytopathic effect. According to the phylogenetic analysis, we divided the Alongshan virus into two groups: an Ixodes persulcatus group and an Ixodes ricinus group. In addition, the I. persulcatus group can be divided into European and Asian subgroups. We found amino acid signatures specific to the I. ricinus and I. persulcatus groups and also distinguished between the European and Asian subgroups of the I. persulcatus group.
Journal Article
Isolation and Characterisation of Alongshan Virus in Russia
In recent decades, many new flavi-like viruses have been discovered predominantly in different invertebrates and, as was recently shown, some of them may cause disease in humans. The Jingmenvirus (JMV) group holds a special place among flaviviruses and flavi-like viruses because they have a segmented ssRNA(+) genome. We detected Alongshan virus (ALSV), which is a representative of the JMV group, in ten pools of adult Ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in two geographically-separated Russian regions. Three of the ten strains were isolated in the tick cell line IRE/CTVM19. One of the strains persisted in the IRE/CTVM19 cells without cytopathic effect for three years. Most ALSV virions purified from tick cells were spherical with a diameter of approximately 40.5 nm. In addition, we found smaller particles of approximately 13.1 nm in diameter. We obtained full genome sequences of all four segments of two of the isolated ALSV strains, and partial sequences of one segment from the third strain. Phylogenetic analysis on genome segment 2 of the JMV group clustered our novel strains with other ALSV strains. We found evidence for the existence of a novel upstream open reading frame in the glycoprotein-coding segment of ALSV and other members of the JMV group.
Journal Article
Diversity and circulation of Jingmen tick virus in ticks and mammals
Since its initial identification in ticks in 2010, Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) has been described in cattle, rodents, and primates. To better understand the diversity, evolution, and transmission of JMTV, we sampled 215 ticks, 104 cattle bloods, 216 bats, and 119 rodents in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang Province, China as well as 240 bats from Guizhou and Henan Provinces. JMTV was identified in 107 ticks (from two species), 54 bats (eleven species), 8 rodents (three species), and 10 cattle, with prevalence levels of 49.8, 11.8, 6.7, and 9.6 per cent, respectively, suggesting that bats may be a natural reservoir of JMTV. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all the newly identified JMTVs were closely related to each other and to previously described viruses. Additionally, all tick and mammalian JMTV sampled in Wenzhou shared a consistent genomic structure, suggesting that the virus can cocirculate between ticks and mammals without observable variation in genome organization. All JMTVs sampled globally could be divided into two phylogenetic groups, Mantel tests suggested that geographic isolation, rather than host species, may be the main driver of JMTV diversity. However, the exact geographical origin of JMTV was difficult to determine, suggesting that this virus has a complex evolutionary history.
Journal Article
Identification and characterization of Jingmen tick virus in Jiangsu, China
Jingmen virus (JMV) is a group of viruses that belong to the
Flaviviridae
family. These viruses have been shown to cause widespread infections in various hosts and can lead to febrile illnesses in humans. Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) as an important member of the JMV group, has been detected in multiple countries worldwide and poses a significant threat to public health. This study utilized metagenomic sequencing technology to detect JMV in tick samples collected in Jiangsu Province. The results demonstrated the presence of JMTV in Jiangsu and identified two complete genomes (ZJ-7-4-2 and ZJ-7-9) from
Haemaphysalis campanulate
ticks. These gene sequences exhibited the highest sequence similarity to the known Japanese isolate of JMTV. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the JMTV identified in this study clustered within the same clade as the Japanese JMTV. In summary, this study reported for the first time that JMTV is prevalent in Jiangsu Province, China. These findings expand the known geographic distribution and genetic diversity of JMTV, providing new insights into its epidemiology and viral evolution.
Journal Article
Survey and Characterization of Jingmen Tick Virus Variants
We obtained a Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) isolate, following inoculation of a tick pool with detectable Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) RNA. We subsequently screened 7223 ticks, representing 15 species in five genera, collected from various regions in Anatolia and eastern Thrace, Turkey. Moreover, we tested specimens from various patient cohorts (n = 103), and canine (n = 60), bovine (n = 20) and avian specimens (n = 65). JMTV nucleic acids were detected in 3.9% of the tick pools, including those from several tick species from the genera Rhipicephalus and Haemaphysalis, and Hyalomma marginatum, the main vector of CCHFV in Turkey. Phylogenetic analysis supported two separate clades, independent of host or location, suggesting ubiquitous distribution in ticks. JMTV was not recovered from any human, animal or bird specimens tested. Near-complete viral genomes were sequenced from the prototype isolate and from three infected tick pools. Genome topology and functional organization were identical to the members of Jingmen group viruses. Phylogenetic reconstruction of individual viral genome segments and functional elements further supported the close relationship of the strains from Kosovo. We further identified probable recombination events in the JMTV genome, involving closely-related strains from Anatolia or China.
Journal Article
Jingmen tick virus: an emerging arbovirus with a global threat
Jingmen tick virus (JMTV), belonging to the Flaviviridae family, is a novel segmented RNA virus identified in 2014 in the Jingmen region of Hubei Province, China. Up to now, JMTV has been detected in a variety of countries or regions in Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas, involving a wide range of arthropods and mammals, and even humans. The JMTV genome is composed of four linear RNA segments, two of which are derived from flaviviruses, while the other two segments are unique to JMTV and has no matching virus. Currently, JMTV has been shown to have a pathogenic effect on humans. Humans who had been infected would develop viremia and variable degrees of clinical symptoms. However, the pathogenic mechanism of JMTV has not been elucidated yet. Therefore, it is crucial to strengthen the epidemiological surveillance and laboratory studies of JMTV.
Journal Article
First detection and molecular characterization of Jingmen tick virus with a high occurrence in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from livestock in Cameroon (2024)
Background
Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) is a novel tick-borne virus detected for the first time in
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
in China. To date, there is no information regarding the circulation of JMTV in ticks collected from livestock in Cameroon. As part of the surveillance for arboviral circulation, this study aimed to assess the presence of JMTV in ticks collected from livestock (cattle and sheep) in an area of the Akonolinga health district, Center Region, Cameroon.
Methods
A cross sectional study was carried out during the dry season between 5 and 14 March 2024. Ticks were collected from cattle and sheep in six sampling sites in an area approximately 30 km long and 18 km wide along the Nyong River, in central Cameroon. Ticks were identified morphologically and molecularly. Total RNA/DNA was extracted from tick pools and screened for JMTV RNA using a segment 2 RT-qPCR system. Positive JMTV pools were sequenced for partial JMTV-Segment 1 and full genome analyses.
Results
A total of 622 ticks, organized into 251 pools were collected from 155 cattle and nine sheep. They consisted of five species covering three genera:
R. (B.) microplus
(472; 75.9%),
Amblyomma variegatum
(118; 19.0%),
Hyalomma truncatum
(13; 2.1%),
Hyalomma rufipes
(2; 0.3%), and other
Rhipicephalus
spp. (17; 2.7%). The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) screening of 251 tick pools yielded 61 JMTV-positive pools, of which 58 corresponded to
R. (B.) microplus
. Multiple sequence analysis revealed that JMTV from the Akonolinga area shared > 95% identity with strains from Guinea, and that these strains clustered phylogenetically together.
Conclusions
We provide molecular evidence of the presence of JMTV in
R. (B.) microplus
and
A. variegatum
collected from cattle and sheep from an area not yet recognized as endemic for this virus, confirming its wide geographical distribution.
Graphical Abstract
Journal Article