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Odd jobs
\"Odd Jobs checks out the kookiest jobs in the world--jobs too strange to be made up! The book is written with a high interest level to appeal to a more mature audience with a lower level of complexity for struggling readers. Clear visuals and colorful photographs help with comprehension. Fascinating information and wild facts that will hold the readers' interest are conveyed in considerate text for older readers, allowing for successful mastery of content. A table of contents, glossary, and index all enhance comprehension and vocabulary.\"--Publisher's description.
Book
Standardising job descriptions in the humanitarian supply chain: A text mining approach for recruitment process
Uncertainty and complexity have increased in recent decades, posing new challenges to humanitarian organisations. This study investigates whether using standard terminology in Human Resource Management processes can support the Humanitarian supply chain in attracting and maintaining highly skilled operators.
We exploit text mining to compare job vacancies on ReliefWeb, the reference platform for humanitarian job seekers, and ESCO, the European Classification of Skills, Competencies, and Occupations. We measure the level of alignment in these two resources, providing quantitative evidence about terminology standardisation in job descriptions for supporting HR operators in the Humanitarian field.
The most in-demand skills, besides languages, relate to resource management and economics and finance for capital management. Our results show that job vacancies for managerial and financial profiles are relatively more in line with the European database than those for technical profiles. However, the peculiarities of the humanitarian sector and the lack of standardisation are still a barrier to achieving the desired level of coherence with humanitarian policies.
Journal Article
Dealing with the Class Imbalance Problem in the Detection of Fake Job Descriptions
In recent years, the detection of fake job descriptions has become increasingly necessary because social networking has changed the way people access burgeoning information in the internet age. Identifying fraud in job descriptions can help jobseekers to avoid many of the risks of job hunting. However, the problem of detecting fake job descriptions comes up against the problem of class imbalance when the number of genuine jobs exceeds the number of fake jobs. This causes a reduction in the predictability and performance of traditional machine learning models. We therefore present an efficient framework that uses an oversampling technique called FJD-OT (Fake Job Description Detection Using Oversampling Techniques) to improve the predictability of detecting fake job descriptions. In the proposed framework, we apply several techniques including the removal of stop words and the use of a tokenizer to preprocess the text data in the first module. We then use a bag of words in combination with the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) approach to extract the features from the text data to create the feature dataset in the second module. Next, our framework applies k-fold cross-validation, a commonly used technique to test the effectiveness of machine learning models, that splits the experimental dataset [the Employment Scam Aegean (ESA) dataset in our study] into training and test sets for evaluation. The training set is passed through the third module, an oversampling module in which the SVMSMOTE method is used to balance data before training the classifiers in the last module. The experimental results indicate that the proposed approach significantly improves the predictability of fake job description detection on the ESA dataset based on several popular performance metrics.
Journal Article
Predictive coding and representationalism
According to the predictive coding theory of cognition (PCT), brains are predictive machines that use perception and action to minimize prediction error, i.e. the discrepancy between bottom–up, externally-generated sensory signals and top–down, internally-generated sensory predictions. Many consider PCT to have an explanatory scope that is unparalleled in contemporary cognitive science and see in it a framework that could potentially provide us with a unified account of cognition. It is also commonly assumed that PCT is a representational theory of sorts, in the sense that it postulates that our cognitive contact with the world is mediated by internal representations. However, the exact sense in which PCT is representational remains unclear; neither is it clear that it deserves such status—that is, whether it really invokes structures that are truly and nontrivially representational in nature. In the present article, I argue that the representational pretensions of PCT are completely justified. This is because the theory postulates cognitive structures—namely action-guiding, detachable, structural models that afford representational error detection—that play genuinely representational functions within the cognitive system.
Journal Article
Horrible jobs of the industrial revolution
\"The Industrial Revolution brought about great changes, but this was a time before many labor laws, and many children had to work from sunup to sundown. The poor had to work as rat catchers and coal miners! Readers will take in important historical context as they learn all about these and other horrible jobs of the era.\"-- Publisher's website.
Book
OPERAS decision support system versus manual job coding: a quantitative analysis on coding time and inter-coder reliability
ObjectivesThe manual coding of job descriptions is time-consuming, expensive and requires expert knowledge. Decision support systems (DSS) provide a valuable alternative by offering automated suggestions that support decision-making, improving efficiency while allowing manual corrections to ensure reliability. However, this claim has not been proven with expert coders. This study aims to fill this omission by comparing manual with decision-supported coding, using the new DSS OPERAS.MethodsFive expert coders proficient in using the French classification systems for occupations PCS2003 and activity sectors NAF2008 each successively coded two subsets of job descriptions from the CONSTANCES cohort manually and using OPERAS. Subsequently, we assessed coding time and inter-coder reliability of assigning occupation and activity sector codes while accounting for individual differences and the perceived usability of OPERAS, measured using the System Usability Scale (SUS; range 0–100).ResultsOPERAS usage substantially outperformed manual coding for all coders on both coding time and inter-coder reliability. The median job description coding time was 38 s using OPERAS versus 60.8 s while manually coding. Inter-coder reliability (in Cohen’s kappa) ranged 0.61–0.70 and 0.56–0.61 for the PCS, while ranging 0.38–0.61 and 0.34–0.61 for the NAF for OPERAS and manual coding, respectively. The average SUS score was 75.5, indicating good usability.ConclusionsCompared with manual coding, using OPERAS as DSS for occupational coding improved coding time and inter-coder reliability. Subsequent comparison studies could use OPERAS’ ISCO-88 and ISCO-68 classification models. Consequently, OPERAS facilitates large, harmonised job coding in large-scale occupational health research.
Journal Article
Structural representations do not meet the job description challenge
Structural representations are increasingly popular in philosophy of cognitive science. A key virtue they seemingly boast is that of meeting Ramsey’s job description challenge. For this reason, structural representations appear tailored to play a clear representational role within cognitive architectures. Here, however, I claim that structural representations do not meet the job description challenge. This is because even our most demanding account of their functional profile is satisfied by at least some receptors, which paradigmatically fail the job description challenge. Hence, the functional profile typically associated with structural representations does not identify representational posits. After a brief introduction, I present, in the second section of the paper, the job description challenge. I clarify why receptors fail to meet it and highlight why, as a result, they should not be considered representations. In the third section I introduce what I take to be the most demanding account of structural representations at our disposal, namely Gladziejewski’s account. Provided the necessary background, I turn from exposition to criticism. In the first half of the fourth section, I equate the functional profile of structural representations and receptors. To do so, I show that some receptors boast, as a matter of fact, all the functional features associated with structural representations. Since receptors function merely as causal mediators, I conclude structural representations are mere causal mediators too. In the second half of the fourth section I make this conclusion intuitive with a toy example. I then conclude the paper, anticipating some objections my argument invites.
Journal Article
Computer-based coding of free-text job descriptions to efficiently identify occupations in epidemiological studies
BackgroundMapping job titles to standardised occupation classification (SOC) codes is an important step in identifying occupational risk factors in epidemiological studies. Because manual coding is time-consuming and has moderate reliability, we developed an algorithm called SOCcer (Standardized Occupation Coding for Computer-assisted Epidemiologic Research) to assign SOC-2010 codes based on free-text job description components.MethodsJob title and task-based classifiers were developed by comparing job descriptions to multiple sources linking job and task descriptions to SOC codes. An industry-based classifier was developed based on the SOC prevalence within an industry. These classifiers were used in a logistic model trained using 14 983 jobs with expert-assigned SOC codes to obtain empirical weights for an algorithm that scored each SOC/job description. We assigned the highest scoring SOC code to each job. SOCcer was validated in 2 occupational data sources by comparing SOC codes obtained from SOCcer to expert assigned SOC codes and lead exposure estimates obtained by linking SOC codes to a job-exposure matrix.ResultsFor 11 991 case–control study jobs, SOCcer-assigned codes agreed with 44.5% and 76.3% of manually assigned codes at the 6-digit and 2-digit level, respectively. Agreement increased with the score, providing a mechanism to identify assignments needing review. Good agreement was observed between lead estimates based on SOCcer and manual SOC assignments (κ 0.6–0.8). Poorer performance was observed for inspection job descriptions, which included abbreviations and worksite-specific terminology.ConclusionsAlthough some manual coding will remain necessary, using SOCcer may improve the efficiency of incorporating occupation into large-scale epidemiological studies.
Journal Article