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"Jordan Geography"
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Jordan
\"This is the only Jordan guide with Arabic script next to every place name and with expanded coverage of adventure pursuits including trekking by horse or camal, hiking, canyoning and ecotourism opportunities.\"--Publisher's description.
BOOK
The Post-1979 Thermohaline Structure of the Dead Sea and the Role of Double-Diffusive Mixing
After centuries of meromixis (year-round stratification with a permanent halocline), the Dead Sea has passed through two distinct stages in the last decade: first a 4-yr meromictic stage and then a holomictic stage. In the first stage, classic one-dimensional processes dominated. In the second stage, three different regimes operated in a seasonal cycle: salt precipitation in spring and early summer, double-diffusive mixing in late summer and autumn, and vertical mixing in winter. During the second (holomictic) stage the Dead Sea as a whole also underwent secular changes: a gradua change in the salt composition of its brines, an increase of salt concentration, and a gradual heating.
Journal Article
Nomads and settlers in Syria and Jordan, 1800-1980
Taking a look at the land and people of parts of the interior of Syria and Jordan, Norman Lewis combines geographical, historical and ethnographical material derived from an immense variety of sources, including unpublished manuscripts and fieldwork undertaken over a period of 40 years.
Book
The Solubility of Halite as a Function of Temperature in the Highly Saline Dead Sea Brine System
The Dead Sea brine is characterized by high ionic strength (9-10 m) and a Ca-Cl composition. The lake is currently saturated with respect to aragonite, gypsum, and halite. Harned's rule is applied to calculate the saturation index of halite in the Dead Sea brine system. This system includes brines at ionic strengths in the range of 9-16 m, derived from evaporating Dead Sea brine. To facilitate the calculation, we determined new interaction coefficients experimentally. These were found to be a function of the ionic strength of the solution as well as of the temperature. $25 \\Circ C: \\alpha_NaCl-MgCl_2$ = 0.00261I - 0.00905, $\\alpha_NaCl-CaCl_2$ = 0.00150I - 0.00650; $35^\\circ C: \\alpha_NaCl-MgCl_2$ = 0.00283I - 0.01972, $\\alpha_NaCl-CaCl_2$ = 0.00207I - 0.01851; $50^\\circ C: \\alpha_NaCl-MgCl_2$ = 0.00226I - 0.01416, $\\alpha_NaCl-CaCl_2$ = 0.00156I - 0.01315. The new parameters are used to predict the effect of temperature on halite precipitation in the lake from both the evaporating surface layer and the entire upper water body. The calculated weight of halite expected to precipitate before the onset of carnallite precipitation is on the order of $10^10 t$. At the present rate of evaporation at least 120 yr will pass before that point is reached.
Journal Article
Surface Manifestations of Internal Oscillations in a Highly Saline Lake (the Dead Sea)
The manifestation of internal oscillations at the surface of the Dead Sea during summer 1981 is described. During that time the Dead Sea was highly stratified, with a density difference of 1.7 × 10-2 g liter-1 between its two layers. Measurements of lake level (limnograms) show oscillations with periods of internal seiches as confirmed by thermistor-chain measurements as well as by a numerical model of internal oscillations. Wind measurements exhibit predominantly diurnal and semidiurnal periods. During autumn 1984 the Dead Sea turned over and its layered structure thereby destroyed. In contrast to the measurements of summer 1981 the limnograms for this timespan show only oscillations associated with periods corresponding to surface seiches, but no sign of interla oscillations.
Journal Article
