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"Judgment (Logic)"
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Prediction of beauty and liking ratings for abstract and representational paintings using subjective and objective measures
Recent research on aesthetics has challenged the adage that \"beauty is in the eye of the beholder\" by identifying several factors that predict ratings of beauty. However, this research has emerged in a piecemeal fashion. Most studies have examined only a few predictors of beauty, and measured either subjective or objective predictors, but not both. Whether the predictors of ratings of beauty versus liking differ has not been tested, nor has whether predictors differ for major distinctions in art, such as abstract vs. representational paintings. Finally, past studies have either relied on experimenter-generated stimuli-which likely yield pallid aesthetic experiences-or on a curation of high-quality art-thereby restricting the range of predictor scores. We report a study (N = 598) that measured 4 subjective and 11 objective predictors of both beauty ratings and liking ratings, for 240 abstract and 240 representational paintings that varied widely in beauty. A crossover pattern occurred in the ratings, such that for abstract paintings liking ratings were higher than beauty ratings, whereas for representational paintings beauty ratings were higher than liking ratings. Prediction was much better for our subjective than objective predictors, and much better for our representational than abstract paintings. For abstract paintings, liking ratings were much more predictable than beauty ratings. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Journal Article
Talmud and Philosophy
Wide-ranging and astutely argued, Talmud and Philosophy
examines the intersections, partitions, and mutual illuminations
and problematizations of Western philosophy and the Talmud. Among
many philosophers, the Talmud has been at best an idealized and
remote object and, at worst, if noticed at all, an object of
curiosity. The contributors to this volume collectively ignite and
probe a new mode of inquiry by approaching the very question of
partitions, conjunctions, and disjunctions between the Talmud and
philosophy as the guiding question of their inquiry.
Rather than using the Talmud and its modes of argumentation to
develop existing philosophical themes, these essays probe the
question of how the Talmud as an intellectual discipline sheds new
light on the unfolding of philosophy in the history of thought.
eBook
Science as Divine Signs: Al-Sanusi's Framework of Legal
This article examines the Ashʿarī theological framework of Imam Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Yūsuf al-Sanūsī (d. 1490) and its potential for shaping contemporary Muslim engagement with science. At the heart of al-Sanūsī’s thought is a tripartite typology of judgements—legal (ḥukm sharʿī ), nomic (ḥukm ʿādī ), and rational (ḥukm ʿaqlī )—as articulated in The Preliminaries of Theology (al-Muqaddimāt ). This classification distinguishes between rulings grounded in revelation, patterns observed in nature, and conclusions drawn from reason. Unlike other theological approaches, al-Sanūsī’s model integrates core Ashʿarī doctrines such as radical contingency, occasionalism, and divine command theory, offering a coherent synthesis of metaphysics, empirical inquiry, and ethics. Building on recent scholarship that re-engages with Ashʿarī theology in the context of Islam and science, this article argues that al-Sanūsī’s schema offers a meta-framework—one that positions science not merely as an object of analysis but as a locus for theology.
Journal Article
\IDEOLOGY\ OR \SITUATION SENSE\? AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF MOTIVATED REASONING AND PROFESSIONAL JUDGMENT
This Article reports the results of a study on whether political predispositions influence judicial decisionmaking. The study was designed to overcome the two principal limitations on existing empirical studies that purport to find such an influence: the use of nonexperimental methods to assess the decisions of actual judges; and the failure to use actual judges in ideologically-biased-reasoning experiments. The study involved a sample of sitting judges (n = 253), who, like members of a general public sample (n = 800), were culturally polarized on climate change, marijuana legalization and other contested issues. When the study subjects were assigned to analyze statutory interpretation problems, however, only the responses of the general-public subjects and not those of the judges varied in patterns that reflected the subjects' cultural values. The responses of a sample of lawyers (n = 217) were also uninfluenced by their cultural values; the responses of a sample of law students (n = 284), in contrast, displayed a level of cultural bias only modestly less pronounced than that observed in the general-public sample. Among the competing hypotheses tested in the study, the results most supported the position that professional judgment imparted by legal training and experience confers resistance to identity-protective cognition—a dynamic associated with politically biased information processing generally—but only for decisions that involve legal reasoning. The scholarly and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Journal Article
Argumentative style : a pragma-dialectical study of functional variety in argumentative discourse
Argumentative Style discusses the various ways in which the defence of a standpoint is given shape in argumentative discourse. In this innovative study the new notion - 'argumentative style' - introduced for this purpose is situated in the theoretical framework of the pragma-dialectical approach to argumentation.
eBook
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge representation is at the very core of a radical idea for understanding intelligence.Instead of trying to understand or build brains from the bottom up, its goal is to understand and build intelligent behavior from the top down, putting the focus on what an agent needs to know in order to behave intelligently, how this knowledge can be.
eBook
Liberating judgment
Examining the social and political upheavals that characterized the collapse of public judgment in early modern Europe,Liberating Judgmentoffers a unique account of the achievement of liberal democracy and self-government. The book argues that the work of John Locke instills a civic judgment that avoids the excesses of corrosive skepticism and dogmatic fanaticism, which lead to either political acquiescence or irresolvable conflict. Locke changes the way political power is assessed by replacing deteriorating vocabularies of legitimacy with a new language of justification informed by a conception of probability. For Locke, the coherence and viability of liberal self-government rests not on unassailable principles or institutions, but on the capacity of citizens to embrace probable judgment.
The book explores the breakdown of the medieval understanding of knowledge and opinion, and considers how Montaigne's skepticism and Descartes' rationalism--interconnected responses to the crisis--involved a pragmatic submission to absolute rule. Locke endorses this response early on, but moves away from it when he encounters a notion of reasonableness based on probable judgment. In his mature writings, Locke instructs his readers to govern their faculties and intellectual yearnings in accordance with this new standard as well as a vocabulary of justification that might cultivate a self-government of free and equal individuals. The success of Locke's arguments depends upon citizens' willingness to take up the labor of judgment in situations where absolute certainty cannot be achieved.
eBook
Kairotic Inspiration
On the precipice of the Sixth Extinction, we face a frightening
fate-ongoing ecological crises that may result in not only the
extinction of a million species within decades but another mass
extinction event like the one that wiped out the dinosaurs. In
Kairotic Inspiration: Imagining the Future in the Sixth
Extinction , Sarah Allen suggests that humans face this future,
whatever it brings, by attending to the ways in which all beings
are caught in the entangled processes of becoming. But change is
often painful and requires inspiration. Allen explores a theory
that shifts the concept of inspiration away from the unique genius
of the individual and instead situates it within conceptual, human
and nonhuman animal relations that can disrupt the state of being.
To expand the understanding of change beyond the polarized binary
that defines difference, the author builds on Nietzsche's
conceptualization of the Dionysian, which explains how the self is
unmade through immersive experiences. This unmaking creates room
for a different experience of becoming, one which Donna Haraway
calls \"becoming-with\" and \"producing-with.\" In the end, Allen
demonstrates how deepening kairotic connections can transform us as
beings, thrusting us further into the processes of becoming and
embracing the change that is possible in this living, changing,
endangered world.
eBook