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Sons of hellenism, fathers of the church
This groundbreaking study brings into dialogue for the first time the writings of Julian, the last non-Christian Roman Emperor, and his most outspoken critic, Bishop Gregory of Nazianzus, a central figure of Christianity. Susanna Elm compares these two men not to draw out the obvious contrast between the Church and the Emperor's neo-Paganism, but rather to find their common intellectual and social grounding. Her insightful analysis, supplemented by her magisterial command of sources, demonstrates the ways in which both men were part of the same dialectical whole. Elm recasts both Julian and Gregory as men entirely of their times, showing how the Roman Empire in fact provided Christianity with the ideological and social matrix without which its longevity and dynamism would have been inconceivable.
eBook
Themistius, Julian, and Greek Political Theory under Rome
Themistius' close relationship with Christian emperors from Constantius to Theodosius makes him one of the most important political thinkers and politicians of the later fourth century, and his dealings with Julian the Apostate have recently attracted much speculation. This volume presents a new critical edition, translation and analysis of Themistius' letter to Julian about kingship and government, which survives mainly in Arabic, together with texts, translations and analyses of Julian's Letter to Themistius and Sopater's Letter to Himerius. The volume is completed with a text, translation and analysis of the other genuine work of Greek political theory to survive in Arabic, the Letter of Aristotle to Alexander, which dates from an earlier period and throws into relief the particular concerns of Themistius, Julian, and the rulers of the fourth-century Roman world.
eBook
Modulation of Polar Low Activity by the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
The impacts of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) on polar low (PL) activity are examined. We found that PL frequency increases over the Irminger Sea and decreases over the Norwegian‐Barents Seas following the MJO Phases 2–4, and nearly opposite changes are found for Phases 6–8. Further analysis reveals significant anomalies of static stability and low‐level baroclinicity for different MJO phases, which have opposing effects on PL activity in many regions. The diagnosis of the PL genesis potential index agrees well with the observed PL activity. The agreement confirms the robustness of the MJO impacts on PL activity and suggests that such impacts can be largely explained by background environmental conditions. Significant anomalies of PL activity are also found over the North Pacific but with a weaker magnitude, which can be attributed to the comparatively lower PL frequency and the larger cancellation between static stability and low‐level baroclinicity anomalies in that basin. Plain Language Summary Polar lows (PLs) are intense mesoscale cyclones over high‐latitude oceans. They are associated with hazardous weather conditions for coastal communities and marine operations. We found that the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) has significant impacts on PL activity over both the North Atlantic and North Pacific sectors. Such impacts can be explained by the modulation of background environmental conditions by the MJO, which provides an observational basis for subseasonal prediction of PL activity. Key Points The Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) has significant impacts on polar low (PL) activity over the North Atlantic and North Pacific The impacts of the MJO on PL activity are well captured by a PL genesis potential index The impacts of the MJO on PL activity can be attributed to variations of static stability and low‐level baroclinicity
Journal Article
The dynamical-statistical subseasonal prediction of precipitation over China based on the BCC new-generation coupled model
Skillful subseasonal prediction is crucial for meteorological disaster prevention and risk management. In this study, the subseasonal prediction skills of the new-generation coupled model of Beijing Climate Center (named as BCC-CSM2-HR) were evaluated, and a dynamical-statistical prediction model (DSPM) was developed to further improve pentad-mean precipitation predictions in China. The results show that although BCC-CSM2-HR can generally capture the climatological rain belt movement over eastern China, its skillful predictions for rainfall anomalies are basically confined within 3 pentads. By combining the dynamical model output and statistical method, a DSPM was built to capture the simultaneously coupled evolving patterns between anomalous precipitation and its atmospheric circulation predictors for each subregion of China, which was divided in terms of a cluster analysis. The 9-year independent validation shows that the prediction skills of DSPM had been significantly improved after 3 forecast pentads compared with the original model forecast. The skillful prediction can persist for a 6-pentad lead especially over the northern China and the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin in the DSPM. As the major predictability sources of subseasonal forecasts, the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) are skillfully predicted by the BCC model for up to 23 days and 10–13 days, respectively. As a result, the improved performance of the DSPM can be largely attributed to its more realistic representation of MJO and BSISO associated circulation anomalies.
Journal Article
Beyond Simple Profit Maximization in Uncertain Markets: How Innovation and Entry Change Supply Curves and Producer Surplus
This article challenges the conventional wisdom that decreases in total revenue always cause firms to be worse off. Instead, innovations and entry causing clockwise rotations or parallel supply shifts can increase producer surplus even when total revenue decreases. Textbooks claiming producers are worse off when total revenue declines are misleading because producer surplus increases initially even when revenue declines. Schumpeterian entrepreneurs who create innovations that benefit low-productivity/high-marginal-cost production cause clockwise supply rotations, and entrepreneurs that create innovations that provide similar benefits to both high- and low-productivity producers cause parallel supply shifts. The article's focus on entry and innovation illustrates the importance of Julian Simon's argument that focusing on allocation rather than innovation often leads to wrong conclusions and Alchian's argument that uncertain foresight makes profit maximization meaningless as a guide to specifiable action. Though producer surplus increases then declines, consumer and total surplus always increase. Producer surplus eventually declines when clockwise supply rotations lead supply to be more elastic than demand, where the price-reducing effect of the innovation dominates the cost-reducing and quantity-enhancing effects. Entry and innovation that generate rightward parallel supply shifts cause producer surplus to increase at an increasing rate when supply is elastic until the inflection point where supply is unit elastic. Beyond the inflection point, parallel rightward supply shifts cause producer surplus to increase at a decreasing rate and, eventually, decline. Last, we conduct a numerical 3D analysis illustrating how entry and innovation that cause supply to rotate and shift affect producer surplus.
Journal Article