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What does it mean to be truthful? What role does truth play in our lives? What do we lose if we reject truthfulness? No philosopher is better suited to answer these questions than Bernard Williams. Writing with his characteristic combination of passion and elegant simplicity, he explores the value of truth and finds it to be both less and more than we might imagine.

The Unpredictable Speciesargues that the human brain evolved in a way that enhances our cognitive flexibility and capacity for innovation and imitation. In doing so, the book challenges the central claim of evolutionary psychology that we are locked into predictable patterns of behavior that were fixed by genes, and refutes the claim that language is innate. Philip Lieberman builds his case with evidence from neuroscience, genetics, and physical anthropology, showing how our basal ganglia--structures deep within the brain whose origins predate the dinosaurs--came to play a key role in human creativity. He demonstrates how the transfer of information in these structures was enhanced by genetic mutation and evolution, giving rise to supercharged neural circuits linking activity in different parts of the brain. Human invention, expressed in different epochs and locales in the form of stone tools, digital computers, new art forms, complex civilizations--even the latest fashions--stems from these supercharged circuits. The Unpredictable Speciesboldly upends scientifically controversial yet popular beliefs about how our brains actually work. Along the way, this compelling book provides insights into a host of topics related to human cognition, including associative learning, epigenetics, the skills required to be a samurai, and the causes of cognitive confusion on Mount Everest and of Parkinson's disease.

A fascinating, richly illustrated exploration of the poignant origins of Rudyard Kipling's world-famous children's classic.

人是否具有自由意志？人是否真的應當為自己的行動負責任？這些問題吸引了許 多哲學家、腦神經科學家、物理學家與生物學家們的關注，因為它們不僅牽涉我們對 於這個物理世界的根本認識，也關乎責任、懲罰、道德、人性尊嚴這些人類社會的重 要概念。在當代的哲學家中，Daniel Dennett是相當具有代表性的一位，他從早期的 《迴旋空間：值得追求的自由意志類型》到後來的《自由演化》，都試圖辯護一種相 容論的自由意志觀點：在一個決定論的宇宙之下，人類仍然具有決定自身行動的自由 意志。他立基於演化生物學的基礎，試圖證明人類擁有迴旋的自由空間，並從多元決 定論的立場，否定了非決定論的形上想像，並且也挑戰了將自由意志視為幻象的強決 定論，最終證明人類的未來並不是被釘死與不可迴避的宿命。本文探討Dennett獨特的 自由意志觀（有限度的實踐自由），並進一步檢視其可欲性

Alvin Plantinga’s evolutionary argument against naturalism (EAAN) claims that if both naturalism (N) and evolutionary theory (E) are true, then all our beliefs are unreliable (premiss 1). Consequently, given N&E, the belief in N&E is unreliable (premiss 2) and N&E is self-defeating (conclusion). The empirical verification argument against naturalism (EVAAN) is more cautious and improves EAAN by withstanding a rejoinder of the evolutionary naturalist to premiss 1. EVAAN claims that non-abstract beliefs that are not empirically verifiable are unreliable, given N&E (premiss 1a). This anticipates the evolutionary naturalist’s claim that empirical verifications play a crucial role in peer assessments and sexual selection of intelligence, and that, therefore, N&E makes empirically verifiable beliefs often reliable (premiss-1 rejoinder). However, even then it can be argued that the belief in N&E is unreliable, given N&E (premiss 2), because N&E is neither abstract, nor empirically verifiable (premiss 1b). EVAAN distinguishes reliably verifiable intelligence from metaphysical intelligence and claims that, if N&E is true, humans are lacking metaphysical intelligence. This paper also contains an argument against EAAN, by supporting the premiss-1 rejoinder.

The manosphere is a collection of online antifeminist men’s groups whose ideologies often invoke Darwinian principles and evolutionary psychological research. In the present study, we reveal that the manosphere generates its own untested and speculative evolutionary hypotheses, or ‘just-so stories’, about men, women, and society. This is a unique phenomenon, where lay (i.e. non-expert) individuals creatively employ evolutionary reasoning to explain phenomena in accordance with their particular worldview. We thus assembled the first dataset of lay evolutionary just-so stories extracted from manosphere content ( n  = 102). Through qualitative analysis, we highlight the particularity of the manosphere’s lay evolutionism. It is a collective bottom-up endeavour, which often leads to practical advice and exhibits a male gender bias. We further show that 83.3% of manosphere just-so stories pertain to sex differences and that only 36.3% explicitly signal that they are speculative. Given this evidence that lay communities collectively engage in evolutionary hypothesizing, we reflect on implications for evolutionary scholars and for the field as a whole in terms of ethics and public image. Lastly, we issue a call for renewed discussion and reflection on evolutionary hypothesizing, a central yet somewhat neglected feature of evolutionary behavioural science.

Abstract I discuss problems importing evolutionary language into the study of religion. It is not impossible to do, but it is difficult to carry out properly in practice. I suggest five criteria for scholarship in the study of religion to amount to good science when incorporating such language. They are 1) avoiding just-so storytelling as much as possible 2) the requirement to add a compelling level of explanation beyond the historical narrative 3) clearly distinguishing between proximate and ultimate forms of causation and explanation, and favoring proximate causes where possible 4) addressing the specific content of religion directly as part of the narrative 5) being explicit about the genre of scholarship undertaken, whether science-writing, humanistic exploration, or some mix of the two. Wiebe and Martin's arguments do not end up rising to the challenge that they themselves have instigated to have a truly scientific study of religion.

Sex in Psychotherapy takes a psychodynamic approach to understanding recent technological and theoretical shifts in the field of psychotherapy. Lawrence Hedges provides an expert overview and analysis of a wide variety of new perspectives on sex, sexuality, gender, and identity; new theories about sex’s role in therapy; and new discoveries about the human brain and how it works. Therapists will value Hedges’s unique insights into the role of sexuality in therapy, which are grounded in the author’s studies of neurology, the history of sexuality, transference, resistance, and countertransference. Clinicians will also appreciate his provocative analyses of influential perspectives on sex, gender, and identity, and his lucid, concrete advice on the practice of therapeutic listening. \"Overall, this is a volume that gives one much to consider, especially in examining one's own performance in interacting with clients. This is an important and useful book for those who practice or wish to learn intensive therapeutic techniques.\" - Charles Golden in PsycCRITIQUES, March 2011 \"This is a book of disarming honesty, courage and insight. It is clear, concise and direct in describing an aspect of the psychotherapeutic relationship that is often not addressed...What makes this book remarkable is that Hedges is not content to be theoretical...Rather he illustrates the evidence of each of these developmental perspectives in the therapeutic encounter with first-person stories which tell how the therapist recognized and addressed these interpersonal dynamics...illustrative and positive: it encourages one to realize that one can bring one's humanity to bear in a therapeutic way.\" - Brad DeFord, Ph.D., in Illness, Crisis & Loss \"...quickly the work grabbed my attention. What is helpful and I appreciated, was the validation I felt when I read the authors' willingness to name and own his therapeutic errors. So often, this material is unavailable because a sense of shame stops us presenting and maximising the powerful learning that can be gained when it all goes wrong. At a time where there is a paucity of material available on this area of our work, this book will contribute to all therapists.\" - Sally Openshaw, COSRT Accredited Fellow, private practice, Bideford, Devon, UK, in Sexual and Relationship Therapy Lawrence E. Hedges, Ph.D. Psy.D., ABPP, is a psychologist-psychoanalyst specializing in psychoanalysis and long-term intensive psychotherapy, as well as the advanced training of psychotherapists. He holds teaching and supervising appointments at the Newport Psychoanalytic Institute, the California Graduate Institute, and the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, Irvine. He is author of numerous books and papers, including Listening Perspectives in Psychotherapy, Interpreting the Countertransference, Terrifying Transferences: Aftershocks of Childhood Trauma, and Facing the Challenge of Liability in Psychotherapy: Practicing Defensively. He is director of the Listening Perspectives Study Center and holds Diplomas from the American Board of Professional Psychology and the American Board of Forensic Examiners. Introduction: “Boy Meets Girl”: A Just-so Story about Sexuality. Part I: Perspectives for Considering Sex, Sexuality, Gender, and Gender Identity. The Natural/Religious/Biological Perspective. The Infant-Caregiver/Erotic Interaction Perspective. The Personal Identity Perspective. The Perspective of Dissociation, Otherness, and Multiple Selves. The Postmodern/Social Constructionist Perspective. The Race/Ethnicity/Sexuality Perspective. The Perspective of Mimetics. The Perspective of Trauma and Transgenerational Ghosts. The Intersubjective Perspective. The Relational/Thirdness Perspective. Part II: Published Accounts of Sex in Psychotherapy. Some Relational Countertransference Issues. Developmental Listening. Listening Perspective I—The Personality in Organization: The Search for Relatedness. Listening Perspective II—Symbiosis and Separation: Mutually-dependent Relatedness. Listening Perspective III—The Emergent Self: Unilaterally Dependent Relatedness. Listening Perspective IV—Self and Other Constancy: Independent Relatedness. Part III: Three Extended Case Studies Illustrating Sex and Sexuality in the Transference, Resistance, and Countertransference of Psychotherapy. Dora: Eros in the Transference. Ted: Eros in the Resistance. Charles: Eros in the Countertransference. References.

Philosophy long sought to set knowledge on a firm foundation, through derivation of indubitable truths by infallible rules. For want of such truths and rules, the enterprise foundered. Nevertheless, foundationalism's heirs continue their forbears' quest, seeking security against epistemic misfortune, while their detractors typically espouse unbridled coherentism or facile relativism. Maintaining that neither stance is tenable, Catherine Elgin devises a via media between the absolute and the arbitrary, reconceiving the nature, goals, and methods of epistemology. In Considered Judgment, she argues for a reconception that takes reflective equilibrium as the standard of rational acceptability. A system of thought is in reflective equilibrium when its components are reasonable in light of one another, and the account they comprise is reasonable in light of our antecedent convictions about the subject it concerns.