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Parental involvement research has greatly expanded over the past decade, but findings are mixed, reflecting in part the conceptual and methodological limitations of many studies. On the basis of longitudinal questionnaire data from 1,685 sixth-grade students, the authors studied parental help with homework because it is the most common and most controversial type of parental involvement. Distinguishing between the quantity and quality of parental homework involvement, the research shows that completely different conclusions about the effectiveness of parental homework involvement will be reached if its quantity is assessed instead of its quality: How often parents helped with homework was negatively associated with the development of achievement, whereas homework help that was perceived as supportive had positive predictive effects, and homework help perceived as intrusive had negative effects. Moreover, the results show that effect sizes would be overestimated if students' prior achievement and family background were not controlled.

Taiwan has been depicted as an island facing the incessant threat of forcible unification with the People's Republic of China. Why, then, has Taiwan spent more than three decades pouring capital and talent into China?In award-winning Rival Partners, Wu Jieh-min follows the development of Taiwanese enterprises in China over twenty-five years and provides fresh insights. The geopolitical shift in Asia beginning in the 1970s and the global restructuring of value chains since the 1980s created strong incentives for Taiwanese entrepreneurs to rush into China despite high political risks and insecure property rights. Taiwanese investment, in conjunction with Hong Kong capital, laid the foundation for the world’s factory to flourish in the southern province of Guangdong, but official Chinese narratives play down Taiwan’s vital contribution. It is hard to imagine the Guangdong model without Taiwanese investment, and, without the Guangdong model, China’s rise could not have occurred. Going beyond the received wisdom of the “China miracle\" and “Taiwan factor,\" Wu delineates how Taiwanese businesspeople, with the cooperation of local officials, ushered global capitalism into China. By partnering with its political archrival, Taiwan has benefited enormously, while helping to cultivate an economic superpower that increasingly exerts its influence around the world.

Die Bibliographie der Berner Geschichte (BBG) gibt es seit 1975. Sie hat als gedruckte, jährlich erscheinende Publikation und Zettelkatalog ihren Anfang genommen und ist heute Teil des Discovery-Systems swisscovery. In der BBG wird selbständige und unselbständige Literatur zu Geschichte, Gesellschaft und Kultur des Kantons Bern verzeichnet.

When companies sell goods/services, they may request cash prior to or at the delivery or they may offer deferred payment. The decision on credit policy is a trade-off between the benefits gained from increased sales and the costs of approving credit. Based on the appropriate analysis of reports, controlling should help the management to bring such business decisions aimed towards customers and to take all the necessary measures for obeying the appropriate legal regulations.This way, controlling may influence better liquidity of a company, which includes faster cash turnover, payment to its suppliers, lower outstanding accounts, and better profitability. Apart from the general importance of controlling credit sales and collection of receivables, the article examines the position and the role of controlling in the companies operating in wood processing as the fastest growing industry in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

An der Universitätsbibliothek Bern beginnt die systematische Auseinandersetzung zum Sammeln bernischer Publikationen mit dem Aufbau des Fachreferentensystems. Geprägt von Veränderungen im Bibliothekswesen entstehen über die Jahre verschiedene Sammelkonzepte, und 2012 wird die Stelle Bernensia-Koordination geschaffen. Der Artikel dokumentiert die Bernensia-Sammeltätigkeit von den 1970er-Jahren bis heute.

After a long period of interest of religious plurality in the nation-state, the sociology of religion, with the impulse of the sociology of migration, has turned its attention to the city. This local level allows us to understand the issues of diversity governance. This article takes advantage of the literature on the governance of migration to apply it to the governance of religious diversity. Using data from the National Congregations Study and available data on Geneva, this article will first show how past responses to the emergence of diversity determine the path for future decisions. To this top-down regulation of religion responds one or more bottom-up strategies of religious communities to find legitimacy in a constraining environment. Based on the unit of the religious community, this study on Geneva provides a historical case of the evolution of diversity. This historical perspective provides the consistency of the current governance of religious diversity, illuminating the struggle for recognition of the minority groups.

Der vorliegende Beitrag beleuchtet bildungsbiografische Verläufe von Personen, die zwischen 1930 und 1960 in Graubünden aufgewachsen sind und in dieser ländlich alpinen Region die Schule besucht haben. Analysiert wurden Interviewdaten von damalig jungen Männern und Frauen, in denen sie ihre bildungsbiografische Zukunft zurückerinnerten. Der Blick in ihre Zukunft, eingebettet in den damaligen Lebenskontext, wurde im Modell zu Gestaltungsformen und Realitäten im Bildungswesen verankert (Fend, 2008). Erste Befunde weisen darauf hin, dass Zukunftsorientierungen und damit verbundene bildungsbiografische Verläufe weitgehend abhängig von sozialen und lokalen Kontextfaktoren waren, die im ländlich-alpinen Raum spezifische Ausprägungen hatten. Hauptsächlich bestanden Spannungsfelder zwischen individuellen Berufswünschen und familiär determinierten und damit vorgezeichneten Berufswegen, die oft die familiäre Existenzsicherung garantieren sollten. Die Befunde werden abschließend auf der Folie des ländlich-alpinen Kontexts eingeordnet und diskutiert. (DIPF/Orig.). This article analyses educational biographies of people who grew up in the Grisons between 1930 and 1960 and who attended school in this rural Alpine region. Interview data from young men and women at the time were elicited, in which each recalled their educational biographical futures at the time. The view on their prospects was embedded in the context of their lives at the time and it was as such interpreted along the model on organizational forms and realities in education systems according to Fend (2008). Initial findings indicate that educational biographies were largely dependent on social and local contextual factors, which had specific characteristics in rural Alpine areas. There were mainly areas of tension between individual career aspirations on the one hand, and family-determined and predetermined career paths on the other, which had to secure an income to support the family. These findings are discussed on the backdrop of the rural Alpine context. (DIPF/Orig.).

Diese explorative Studie untersucht die Ausprägung des Personalmanagements aus internationaler Perspektive. Dazu werden drei Bildungsregionen exemplarisch anhand der rechtlichen Dokumente analysiert und mit den Einschätzungen von Schulleitenden verglichen. Das zugrundeliegende Modell zur Erfassung der Ausprägung des PM - der Mitarbeitenden-Zyklus - ermöglicht einen systematischen Vergleich über die drei Bildungsregionen und zwei verschiedene Erhebungsmethoden hinweg. Die Resultate dieser Mixed-Methods-Studie zeigen teilweise eine Konvergenz des Handlungsspielraums der Schulleitenden der drei Bildungsregionen auf, was die Frage aufwirft, ob sich das PM in Schulen in Zukunft noch stärker angleichen wird oder, ob regionale und nationale Unterschiede bestehen bleiben. (DIPF/Orig.). This explorative study analyses the characteristics of human resource management from an international perspective. To this end, three education regions are compared by way of example based on legal documents and the perceptions of school leaders. The underlying model for analyzing the characteristics of HRM - the employee cycle - enables a systematic comparison across the three regions and two different survey methods. The results of this mixed-methods study show to some extent a convergence in the scope of action of school leaders in the three educational regions, which raises the question of whether HRM in schools will become even more harmonized in the future or whether regional and national differences will persist. (DIPF/Orig.).

Premodern Chinese described a great variety of the peoples they encountered as \"black.\" The earliest and most frequent of these encounters were with their Southeast Asian neighbors, specifically the Malayans. But by the midimperial times of the seventh through seventeenth centuries C.E., exposure to peoples from Africa, chiefly slaves arriving from the area of modern Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania, gradually displaced the original Asian \"blacks\" in Chinese consciousness. In The Blacks of Premodern China, Don J. Wyatt presents the previously unexamined story of the earliest Chinese encounters with this succession of peoples they have historically regarded as black.A series of maritime expeditions along the East African coastline during the early fifteenth century is by far the best known and most documented episode in the story of China's premodern interaction with African blacks. Just as their Western contemporaries had, the Chinese aboard the ships that made landfall in Africa encountered peoples whom they frequently classified as savages. Yet their perceptions of the blacks they met there differed markedly from those of earlier observers at home in that there was little choice but to regard the peoples encountered as free.The premodern saga of dealings between Chinese and blacks concludes with the arrival in China of Portuguese and Spanish traders and Italian clerics with their black slaves in tow. In Chinese writings of the time, the presence of the slaves of the Europeans becomes known only through sketchy mentions of black bondservants. Nevertheless, Wyatt argues that the story of these late premodern blacks, laboring anonymously in China under their European masters, is but a more familiar extension of the previously untold story of their ancestors who toiled in Chinese servitude perhaps in excess of a millennium earlier.