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Traditional martial arts continue to be interesting and inspiring to many people around the globe. Some of their contemporary adaptations attract enthusiasts for whom they are especially important. In this article, the author bases his observations on his own long-term participation. The analysis takes into account the influence of the perspectives of Jigoro Kano and several other creators of modern varieties of Japanese budo. It can be concluded that regular, even daily, practice—cultivating martial arts and internalizing its values—co-creates the lifestyle of instructors and advanced students.

Este artigo trata da recomposição identitária pela qual passou a luta de Okinawa durante a primeira metade do Século XX. O Karate é amplamente praticado em todo o planeta, mas seu processo de difusão mundial só ocorre após a mudança para a denominação atual. O objetivo desta pesquisa histórica é identificar os elementos do processo de ruptura e as renegociações identitárias que culminam com a adoção do nome Karatedō. Para isso, foi desenvolvida uma pesquisa qualitativa baseada nos pressupostos da história cultural. A coleta de dados ocorreu em fontes primárias como jornais e manuscritos de Okinawa e de Tóquio da primeira metade do século XX. Este estudo revela uma drástica quebra no paradigma atual, removendo de Funakoshi Gichin a autoria no estabelecimento do nome Karatedō e apontando o protagonismo de outros uchinānchu nessa mudança, além desse processo ter ocorrido em meio a muitas resistências e disputas de poder. This paper deals with the reconstitution of identity that the Okinawan martial art underwent during the first half of the 20th century. Karate is widely practiced throughout the planet, but its process of global diffusion only occurred after the change to its current name. The objective of this historical research is to identify the elements of the process of rupture and the identity renegotiations that culminated in the adoption of the name Karatedō. A qualitative study was developed based on the assumptions of cultural history. Data collection took place in primary sources such as newspapers and manuscripts from Okinawa and Tokyo in the first half of the 20th century. This study reveals a drastic break in the current paradigm, removing from Funakoshi Gichin in the establishment of the name Karatedōand, and pointing to the leading role of other uchinānchu in this change, in addition to this process having occurred amidst much resistance and power struggles. Cet article traite de la recomposition identitaire qu’a connue la lutte d’Okinawa au cours de la première moitié du XXème siècle. Le Karaté est donc largement pratiqué à travers la planète mais son processus de diffusion mondiale ne se produit qu'après le changement pour son nom actuel. L’objectif de cette recherche historique est d’identifier les éléments du processus de rupture et des débats identitaires qui aboutissent à l’adoption du nom Karate-dō. Pour cela, une étude qualitative a été développée sur la base des hypothèses de l’histoire culturelle. La collecte de données a eu lieu à partir de sources primaires telles que des journaux et manuscrits d'Okinawa et de Tokyo pour la première moitié du XXème siècle. Cette étude révèle une rupture radicale dans le paradigme actuel, supprimant ainsi la paternité fondatrice de Funakoshi Gichin dans l'établissement du nom Karate-dō soulignant le rôle principal d’autres uchinānchu dans ce changement en s'étant produit au milieu de nombreuses résistances e de luttes de pouvoir.

Background. The Humanistic Theory of Martial Arts and the history of physical culture together constitute the theoretical framework for this research. Aims and Objectives. The objective is an explanation of the educational and other values of the Zendo karate style (in terms of its technical structure, curriculum and humanistic content) and their role in its evolution. Methods. A qualitative study of sources (by Peter K. Jahnke) and literature, and a longitudinal participant observation study were used. This has been ongoing in the Honbu (in Munich) and in some other martial arts’ organisations since 1993. Results. The authors present a chronicle of the people practising today, the technical structure and programme, and the special humanistic values of this School and style. The unique values of Zendo karate Tai-te-tao include: 1) not succumbing to extreme commercialization; 2) rejection of competitive sports; 3) attention to teaching real self-defence techniques within the schools; 4) the requirement for theoretical knowledge and ethics; 5) simplified curriculum divided into 5 degrees of ‘kyu’, and 3 ‘dan’ degrees (only 2 student forms and 2 master forms). Conclusions. In Zendo karate Tai-te-tao both educational and utilitarian values, in terms of its technical structure, curriculum and humanistic content, can be found. It is a School, style and direction in karate, established 40 years ago in Europe, but which has also gained recognition in Japan. At that time modifications in the technical sphere were made and the curriculum started to evolve.

Background and Aim. During the Franco dictatorship in Spain (1939–1975), No-Do were short newsreels that were required to be shown before the main features in cinemas. The aim of this study was to analyze the news on martial arts and combat sports (MA&CS) shown in the No-Do newsreels. Methodology. The 4,011 newsreels contained in the No-Do Historical Archive were the main source of information for this study. We used the Archive website search engine for data collection. The results were then individually analyzed and then a card for each of the selected news was completed including the following fields: (1) Date; (2) No-Do number; (3) Duration; (4) Description; (5) Type; (6) Referencing MA or CS; (7) Geographical scope; and (8) Link to the newsreel. Results. The total number of reports retrieved on MA&CS was 266. The MA&CS news rate per year was irregular, ranging between zero and nineteen. As for type of story, regular news items (71.8%) dominated over short news clips (14.3%) and reportage (12.8%). The geographical scope of the news was balanced between the national (38%) and international levels (43.2%). At least twenty separate MA&CS styles were mentioned. The MA&CS items broadcast were mainly international boxing (42.2%), professional wrestling (19.4%), judo (12.3), fencing (7.1%), karate (4.5%), and jiu-jitsu (2.6%). The other MA&CS (e.g., Greco-Roman wrestling, kendo, muay Thai, taekwondo, or capoeira) ranged between one and five items (0.4-1.9%). Conclusion. The No-Do can be considered a good source good sources of information to enrich study of the history and evolution of MA&CS in Spain.

Terraced agricultural landscapes in Africa are remarkable feats of human engineering and social organization, enabling the conservation of soil and water and the cultivation of food. Indigenous terraced landscapes are all the more valuable because they have been produced by the people themselves and maintained for several hundred years, evidencing a valuable degree of sustainability. Yet until this book, there have been few accounts of how such landscapes in Africa are produced and maintained over time. Taking a period of approximately a hundred years, 'Living Terraces' is both an ethnography and history of the terraces of Konso in southern Ethiopia. It traces the way Konso agriculture and landscape has been produced and managed in close relationship with broader changes in Konso political and cultural lives. In shedding new light on the relationships between landscapes, livelihoods, culture and development, the book demonstrates the embeddedness of social institutions in areas of social, cultural, religious and political life, showing that social institutions cannot easily be abstracted, replicated or used instrumentally for development purposes. The result is a call for an approach to social institutions, so vital to development, which centralizes a study of culture, history and power in the analysis. ELIZABETH E. WATSON is a Lecturer in the Department of Geography, University of Cambridge.

In this thesis, I investigate the relationship between Chinese religious concepts and martial arts films by looking at how Confucian, Daoist and Buddhist concepts appear in six movies Enter the Dragon, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, The Karate Kid, Star Wars: The Last Jedi, A Touch of Zen and Kung Fu Panda. In the beginning, I outlined that there is a long history between Chinese religions and martial arts dating back to at the very latest 7th century CE. However there is a lot of evidence to indicate that religion and martial arts joined together around 500 BCE. In this thesis, I argue that martial arts films have Chinese religious concepts present in them. To investigate this, I analyzed one religion’s concepts per two martial arts films. Through investigation, I found that wu wei, kong, dao, yin and yang, inner alchemy, ahiṃsā, sudden enlightenment, Buddha nature and mindfulness are just some of the Chinese religious concepts present in martial arts films.

T'aekwondo is presented in popular historical descriptions as the offspring of ancient Korean indigenous martial arts. However, this article focuses less on the connection or lack thereof between ancient Korean martial arts and t'aekwondo, but instead on the well-documented relationship between the founders of t'aekwondo and Japanese karate. During the formation process of the different schools under the name et t'aekwondo, if instructors of that time and following generations may have misrepresented t'aekwondo's historical origins, with Korean nationalism as the driving, motivational force. The creation of t'aekwondo's historical narrative as rooted in ancient Korea was a gradual process that was influenced and inspired by the realities and necessities of the South Korean nation at that time. The development has to be seen in the light of South Korea's quest for survival after liberation from Japanese colonial rule and the destruction occasioned by the Korean War. This tendency to invent the past in a more favourable light is by no means peculiar to the t'aekwondo environment. However, in line with Korea's economic and political development as an advanced nation, the time has come for a more balanced and accurate portrayal of t'aekwondo's historical roots and modern development. Moreover, in a broader context, t'aekwondo's historical 'resume' may also be seen as a reflection of the wide-ranging tendencies and political disputes currently taking place in East Asia. Adapted from the source document.

Karate is a fight practice that does not make use of weapons. It is based on old traditions and its main aim is to develop a sense of personality in the practitioner. Karate originated from unique spiritual and psychological dynamics, which are of utmost importance for the full understanding of this practice. The objective of this research is to analyze karate-do by means of its spirituality. This is because, together with the fundamental texts about the recent tradition of this fight, spirituality is considered to be the essence present in all dimensions of the artistic expression of karate. To this end, the historiographical methodology of phenomenological perspective was employed in this study. Karate-do has the spirituality of the empty hands method as the north of its body philosophy. Themes with blurred borders are analyzed from this spiritual point of view herein. This dynamics includes the subtractive fight, aiming at the fluid and intuitive understanding of reality.

O karate é uma técnica de combate sem armas que, sustentada por uma antiga tradição, tem como seu principal objetivo a formação do caráter do praticante. A compreensão da visão de mundo na qual o karate nasceu e se desenvolveu é debitária de uma dinâmica espiritual e psicológica singular cujo conhecimento é imprescindível para apreendê-la. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o karate por meio de sua espiritualidade, já que, junto aos textos fundamentais de sua tradição recente, ela é tida como a essência presente em todas as dimensões da expressão da arte. Para tanto, vale-se de uma metodologia historiográfica de perspectiva fenomenológica. Karate-do veicula a espiritualidade do esvaziamento como norte de sua filosofia corporal. Temas com linhas fronteiriças tênues entre si são analisados pela perspectiva de tal espiritualidade. A abrangência desta dinâmica corresponde a um combate subtrativo visando uma apreensão fluida e intutitiva da realidade.Karate is a fight practice that does not make use of weapons. It is based on old traditions and its main aim is to develop a sense of personality in the practitioner. Karate originated from unique spiritual and psychological dynamics, which are of utmost importance for the full understanding of this practice. The objective of this research is to analyze karate-do by means of its spirituality. This is because, together with the fundamental texts about the recent tradition of this fight, spirituality is considered to be the essence present in all dimensions of the artistic expression of karate. To this end, the historiographical methodology of phenomenological perspective was employed in this study. Karate-do has the spirituality of the empty hands method as the north of its body philosophy. Themes with blurred borders are analyzed from this spiritual point of view herein. This dynamics includes the subtractive fight, aiming at the fluid and intuitive understanding of reality.