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For over 40 years, Jack M. Sasson has been studying and commenting on the cuneiform archives from Mari on the Euphrates River, especially those from the age of Hammurabi of Babylon. Among Mari's wealth of documents, some of the most interesting are letters from and to kings, their advisers and functionaries, their wives and daughters, their scribes and messengers, and a variety of military personnel. The letters are revealing and often poignant. Sasson selects more than 700 letters as well as several excerpts from administrative documents, translating them and providing them with illuminating comments. In distilling a lifetime of study and interpretation, Sasson hopes to welcome readers into a fuller appreciation of a remarkable period in Mesopotamian civilization. Sasson's presentation is organized around major institutions in an ancient culture: (1) Kingship, treating accumulation of wealth, control of vassals, dynastic marriages, treaty-obligations, as well as illustrating the hazards and vexation of ruling a large territory; (2) Administration, from palaces that teem with bureaucrats, musicians, and cooks, to the management of provinces and vassal kingdoms; (3) Warfare, military establishment and martial practices; (4) Society, including organs of justice (and shortcuts to it), crime, punishment, and civil transactions; (5) Religion, including notices on diverse pantheons, rituals, priesthood, cultic paraphernalia, vows, ordeals, and channels to the gods (divination, dreams, and prophecy); and (6) Culture, including ethnic distinctions, class structure, and moments in the life cycle (birth, childhood, family life, health matters, death, and commemoration). Sasson's presentation of the material brings to life a world entombed for four millennia, concretizes the realities of ancient life, and gives it a human perspective that is at once instructive and entertaining. The book is accompanied by extensive concordances and indexes (including to biblical passages) that will be useful to those who wish to study the letters more intensively.

The ancient Near East is a construct defined by present-day scientific investigations, a construct whose temporal and spatial boundaries are fuzzy, constantly shifting under the weight of new empirical data and increasingly sophisticated analytical methods. Its objects of investigation, even those that have resided in museum collections for generations, are in flux, as the profound cultural, geographical, ethnic and social diversity of the ancient Near East threatens to drown out any points of commonality. Yet it is these points of commonality that draw us inevitably to questions of Diversity and Standardization as categories for cross-cultural and trans-historical analysis. As we look across the variegated horizons of antiquity, do these categories have any real analytical power? For instance, the introduction of a new system of measurement or bookkeeping technique or even the imposition of a standardized repertoire of pottery forms on a more-or-less subject population are all examples of the real power of processes of standardization to stabilize territorial political entities. The problem must be posed for the ancient Near East at an even more fundamental level, however: what role do concepts, methods of standardization and, more generally, sign systems play in the reconfiguration and reconstitution of cultural, political, religious, scientific and social spaces? This volume results from a symposium under the aegis of the TOPOI Research Cluster (a trans-disciplinary research center devoted to the investigation of the interdependencies between space and knowledge in the ancient world) that brought together leading archaeologists, philologists, historians and linguists in order to investigate concrete historical examples that speak to questions of Diversity and Standardization in the ancient Near East.

This book argues that Aramaic scribes from antiquity drew upon a common legal tradition. It identifies the distinctive elements that form the core of this tradition and traces their antecedents within the cuneiform record.

Der Alte Orient ist ein Konstrukt der neuzeitlichen Wissenschaft. Seine Grenzen in Raum und Zeit sind unscharf, seine Forschungsgegenstände unterliegen kontinuiertlich der Veränderung. Doch in demselben Maße, in dem die kulturelle, geographische, ethnische und gesellschaftliche Diversität im Alten Orient in der Forschung an Kontur gewinnen, treten auch die Gemeinsamkeiten deutlicher hervor. Dies lenkt den Blick auf Vielfalt und Normierung als Kategorien kulturgeschichtlicher Betrachtung, und die Frage, inwieweit diese als Elemente des historischen Prozesses selbst wirksam sind. Die Einführung eines neuen Maßsystems, eine Schriftreform, die Durchsetzung eines neuen keramischen Formenrepertoires sind Beispiele für die aktive Nutzung des Wissens um die Wirkmächtigkeit von Normierungsprozessen zur Stabilisierung territorialer Herrschaft. Doch die Frage stellt sich für den Alten Orient sehr viel grundsätzlicher: Welchen Anteil haben Konzepte, Regelungsmechanismen und Zeichensysteme an der Erzeugung der kulturell, politisch, religiös, wirtschaftlich und sozial überformten Räumen? Im Rahmen der Forschungen des Exzellenz-Clusters TOPOI, der das Spannungsfeld von Räumen und Wissen in der Antike erkundet, widmete sich ein Symposium historischen Phänomenen von Vielfalt und Normierung in altorientaischen Kulturen. Der Band versammelt archäologische, philologische, historische, linguistische und religionsgeschichtliche Beiträge nenommierter Forscher zur Altertumskunde Vorderasiens.