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For the most fortunate men who make it out of Kenya, success in distance running while being in Japan is not the main priority. Their primary focus as migrants is to expedite the process of matching images of manliness in Kenya that are critical to their own understanding of success. I explore here the main challenges to their actualization of themselves as “real men.” I argue that the deliberate displays of maendeleo —a Swahili term meaning a sense of forward momentum and making progress—are critical to how they frame themselves as successful men. They aim to avoid becoming “inferior men,” or even worse, being labeled useless back in Kenya.

In recent decades, Kenya has witnessed profound changes in its economic, cultural, and environmental landscapes resulting from its interactions with China. University students are competing for scholarships to study in China, coastal artisanal fishers are increasingly worried about Chinese-owned trawlers depleting fish stocks, fishers on Lake Victoria are grappling with the impact of frozen tilapia from China, and unemployed youth are seeking a fair shot at working on one of Kenya's multimillion-dollar Chinese-funded infrastructure projects. Anita Plummer's Kenya's Engagement with China investigates the tension between official Kenyan and Chinese state narratives and individual Kenyans' reactions to China's presence to provide insight into how everyday Kenyans exercise their political agency. The competing discourses Plummer uncovers in person, in the news, and online reveal how Kenyans use China to question local power structures, demand policy change, and articulate different visions for their country's future. This critical text represents the next step in research on Sino-African relations.

People living in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are disproportionately exposed to trauma and may be at increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, a dearth of population-level representative data from SSA is a barrier to assessing PTSD. This manuscript sought to calculate pooled PTSD prevalence estimates from nationally and regionally representative surveys in SSA. The search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, and PTSDpubs and was last run between October 18, 2019, and November 11, 2019. We included studies that were published in peer-reviewed journals; used probabilistic sampling methods and systematic PTSD assessments; and included ≥ 450 participants who were current residents of an SSA country, at least 50% of whom were aged between 15 and 65 years. The primary outcomes were point prevalence estimates of PTSD across all studies, and then within subgroups. The protocol was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (registration number CRD42016029441). Out of 2,825 unique articles reviewed, 25 studies including a total of 58,887 eligible participants (54% female) in 10 out of the 48 countries in SSA were identified. Most studies enrolled any adult aged 18 years or older. However, some studies only enrolled specific age brackets or persons as young as 15 years old. Six studies were national surveys, and 19 were regional. There were 4 key findings in the meta-analysis: (1) the overall pooled prevalence of probable PTSD was 22% (95% CI 13%-32%), while the current prevalence-defined as 1 week to 1 month-was 25% (95% CI 16%-36%); (2) prevalence estimates were highly variable, ranging from 0% (95% CI 0%-0%) to 74% (95% CI 72%-76%); (3) conflict-unexposed regions had a pooled prevalence of probable PTSD of 8% (95% CI 3%-15%), while conflict-exposed regions had a pooled prevalence of probable PTSD of 30% (95% CI 21%-40%; p < 0.001); and (4) there was no significant difference in the pooled prevalence of PTSD for men and women. The primary limitations of our methodology are our exclusion of the following study types: those published in languages other than English, French, and Portuguese; smaller studies; those that focused on key populations; those that reported only on continuous measures of PTSD symptoms; and unpublished or non-peer-reviewed studies. In this study, PTSD symptoms consistent with a probable diagnosis were found to be common in SSA, especially in regions exposed to armed conflict. However, these studies only represent data from 10 of the 48 SSA countries, and only 6 studies provided national-level data. Given the enormous heterogeneity expected across the continent, and also within countries and regions, this review cannot speak to rates of PTSD in any regions not included in this review. Thus, substantial gaps in our knowledge of PTSD prevalence in SSA remain. More research on population-level prevalence is needed to determine the burden of trauma symptoms and PTSD in SSA and to identify acceptable and feasible approaches to address this burden given limited mental healthcare resources.

This study examines the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adolescents attending schools in several informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. Primary aims were estimating prevalence of these mental health conditions, understanding their relationship to gender-based violence (GBV), and assessing changes in response to an empowerment intervention. Mental health measures were added to the final data collection point of a two-year randomized controlled trial (RCT) evaluating an empowerment self-defense intervention. Statistical models evaluated how past sexual violence, access to money to pay for a needed hospital visit, alcohol use, and self-efficacy affect both mental health outcomes as well as how the intervention affected female students' mental health. Population prevalence of mental health conditions for combined male and female adolescents was estimated as: PTSD 12.2% (95% confidence interval 10.5-15.4), depression 9.2% (95% confidence interval 6.6-10.1) and anxiety 17.6% (95% confidence interval 11.2% - 18.7%). Female students who reported rape before and during the study-period reported significantly higher incidence of all mental health outcomes than the study population. No significant differences in outcomes were found between female students in the intervention and standard-of-care (SOC) groups. Prior rape and low ability to pay for a needed hospital visit were associated with higher prevalence of mental health conditions. The female students whose log-PTSD scores were most lowered by the intervention (effects between -0.23 and -0.07) were characterized by high ability to pay for a hospital visit, low agreement with gender normative statements, larger homes, and lower academic self-efficacy. These data illustrate a need for research and interventions related to (1) mental health conditions among the young urban poor in low-income settings, and (2) sexual violence as a driver of poor mental health, leading to a myriad of negative long-term outcomes.

Odera's work yields rich data on Kenyan immigrants and reveals a highly educated group of foreign-born individuals. She adapts a multidimensional conceptual framework that combines both the stress-and-coping model of acculturation proposed by Berry (1980) and the sociocultural model proposed by Ward and Rana-Deuba (1999); both of which govern the relationship between acculturation and mental health. Findings indicate that Kenyan immigrants' acculturation is determined by their gender, age, immigration status, duration of stay in the United States as well as their ties to Kenya. Acculturative stress is one of the main predictors of depressive symptoms and subjective health evaluation. Social support and religious coping styles are salient to Kenyan immigrants as they navigate American society.

Digital technologies for elections were introduced in Kenya with a vision that they would bring election reforms through increasing administrative efficiency, reducing long-term costs, and by enhancing transparency in the electoral process would enhance citizenry inclusivity. Despite the voting exercise taking place without a hitch, the 2017 General Election results were dismissed by various stakeholders who called on the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) to ‘open the servers’, with witnesses, to use the results inside the servers to verify the ballot papers in the ballot boxes. Promises by IEBC that counting, transmission and verification of results would promote citizens’ rights during the electoral process were not met hence the Swahili phrase, ‘Fungua server’ (Open the servers) was coined. The server became the Holy Grail, the gadget of hope for free and fair elections. Chants of ‘Fungua server’ unveiled the dreaded side of Kenya’s democratisation; of flawed elections and violence that followed. ‘Fungua server’ was a call to free and fair elections. The paradox of technology this article seeks to interrogate was how technology has subverted democratic elections in Kenya; arguing that there is need to demystify the server and focus on electoral transparency as a yardstick of democracy. Les technologies numériques ont été introduites au Kenya pour les élections avec la vision qu'elles apporteraient des réformes électorales en augmentant l'efficacité administrative, en réduisant les coûts à long terme, et en améliorant la transparence du processus électoral renforcerait l'inclusion des citoyens. Bien que l'exercice de vote se soit déroulé sans accroc, les résultats des élections générales de 2017 ont été rejetés par diverses parties prenantes qui ont appelé la Commission électorale et des frontières indépendante (IEBC) à « ouvrir les serveurs », avec des témoins, afin d'utiliser les résultats à l'intérieur des serveurs pour vérifier les bulletins de vote dans les urnes. Les promesses de l 'IEBC selon lesquelles le comptage, la transmission et la vérification des résultats permettraient de promouvoir les droits des citoyens pendant le processus électoral n'ont pas été tenues, d'où l 'expression swahilie « Fungua server » (ouvrez les serveurs). Le serveur est devenu le Saint Graal, le gadget de l'espoir pour des élections libres et équitables. Les chants de « Fungua server » ont dévoilé le côté redouté de la démocratisation du Kenya: les élections entachées d'irrégularités et les violences qui ont suivi. Le « serveur Fungua » était un appel à des élections libres et équitables. Le paradoxe de la technologie que cet article cherche à interroger est la façon dont la technologie a subverti les élections démocratiques au Kenya, en soutenant qu'il est nécessaire de démystifier le serveur et de se concentrer sur la transparence électorale comme critère de démocratie.

The present study aimed to analyze the perception of road runners of East African origin about the reception and hospitality extended to them by local athletes during the period in which they lived and competed in Brazil. A qualitative approach was used, appropriating sources acquired through interviews conducted by the authors of the study and documentary research. Among other findings, it was established that there was a distinction between personal relationships and the positioning of professional interests between Brazilian and East African athletes. In other words, as much as foreigners feel well received in Brazil, when they enter the professional part, Brazilian athletes express discontent with the presence of these foreign athletes in the country. The interview results and documentary analysis point to a contradiction. East African runners are considered athletic superstars and are admired by Brazilian runners. However, when it comes to professional relationships, Brazilians worry about financial losses related to race prizes when competing with top-performing African athletes. Key words: Qualitative research, Kenyan runners, Ethiopian runners, Brazil, Athlete Migration.  

  This study investigates the influence of project delivery methods on critical performance indicators, such as time, cost, site disputes, and quality, when executing court-building projects in Kenya. The study hypothesized that project delivery methods have no significant influence on the execution of court-building projects in relation to time, cost, site-dispute and quality. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's Alpha technique, and validity was tested using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). This study combined the collection and analysis of quantitative and qualitative data using a mixed-methods approach. Sixty-three projects were surveyed using a convergent parallel mixed survey design. Document analysis was used to obtain secondary data, and questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect the primary data. Descriptive statistics, such as mode, mean, and standard deviation, were used to analyse the quantitative data, while correlation and regression analysis techniques were used for inferential statistical analysis. The slope coefficients were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05. Thematic and document analyses were applied to the qualitative data to triangulate the findings with the quantitative data. According to the study, project delivery methods significantly influenced the execution of construction projects in terms of quality, cost, and site disputes, but not time. The study also emphasizes how the Kenyan judiciary needs flexible and context-specific project delivery approaches because those that were employed did not address timeliness, a crucial delivery factor. This research offers helpful information to scholars, practitioners of project and construction management, policymakers, and other parties involved in putting the Kenyan judiciary's infrastructure into place.