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This article investigates the factors influencing food product purchases by young Polish consumers aged 18–25 – a group important for the development of the economy. In the process of deciding to purchase specific food products, consumers pay attention to various economic and non-economic factors, including marketing. We carried out survey in October/November 2020 using the CAWI method (Google Forms) to test the importance of 17 factors on young Polish consumers’ food purchases, applying factor analysis and cluster analysis to the resulting data. The results reveal that price and product expiration date are young Polish consumers’ primary concerns when purchasing food products. The study also found that environmental sustainability attributes, although less critical than price or product quality, are increasingly influencing young Polish consumers' purchasing decisions.

New ideas, products, and practices take time to diffuse, a fact that is often attributed to some form of heterogeneity among potential adopters. This paper examines three broad classes of diffusion models-contagion, social influence, and social learning-and shows how to incorporate heterogeneity into each at a high level of generality without losing analytical tractability. Each type of model leaves a characteristic \"footprint\" on the shape of the adoption curve which provides a basis for discriminating empirically between them. The approach is illustrated using the classic study of Ryan and Gross (1943) on the diffusion of hybrid corn.

The article is based on the analysis of selected EU legal acts, literature on the subject and official websites of the European Union. The article aims to present the consumer – a citizen of the European Union and his role as a subject of consumer policy. The article analyses the concepts of consumer and European Union citizen and indicates the elements of their convergence. The idea of the European Citizens’ Initiative was characterised as one of the forms of participation of EU citizens in the process of establishing consumer rights. In particular, was made a detailed analysis of initiatives in the „consumers and health” category, as an element of the participation of European Union citizens in creating consumer policy.

The Protection of Consumer Rights in the Polish People’s Republic in 1952‑1989 The article, based on the analysis of legal acts and literature on the subject, aims to present the protection of consumer rights in a communist state on the example of the Polish People’s Republic. Selected legal regulations in force in 1952‑1989, whose subjects were consumers, were discussed. The article indicates the dangers faced by consumers shopping in the then Polish state. Attention was also paid to the rights of consumers (including warranty) as well as the real threats to their rights resulting from the properties of the centrally planned economy. The last part of the article fulfills the role of conclusion. It contains considerations on the actual safety of consumers who, in the absence of availability of consumer goods, purchased products and services at inflated prices and of reduced quality.

This study conducts a bibliometric analysis to explore the relationship between consumer emotions and purchase preferences within a Virtual Reality (VR) environment. Utilizing data from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, the research employs a structured literature review (SLR) approach to identify and analyze relevant academic literature. Custom queries were used to extract data on specific keywords, titles, and abstracts, which were then processed using VOSviewer software to generate bibliometric maps. The findings highlight significant but fragmented coverage of the intersection between VR and consumer emotions, underscoring a gap in integrated studies within this domain. The study identifies distinct research clusters in VR applications, including user experience and cognitive load, and emphasizes the need for further interdisciplinary research to enhance understanding and practical application of VR in influencing consumer behavior and emotions. This analysis provides valuable insights for academics and practitioners aiming to leverage VR for improved consumer engagement and decision-making.

Przedmiot rozważań zawartych w niniejszym artykule stanowią regulacje zamieszczone w Ustawie z dnia 16 września 2011 r. o timeshare (Dz.U. z 2011 r. nr 230, poz. 1370). Celem wywodu jest zidentyfikowanie – metodą analizy prawnej obowiązujących przepisów – zasadniczych komponentów normatywnych wyznaczających główne obowiązki przedsiębiorcy, a tym samym jego pozycję prawną na gruncie rozpatrywanej ustawy. Oprócz tego szczegółowego celu ogólnym celem artykułu jest przekazanie szerszemu kręgowi czytelników podstawowej wiedzy o timeshare. Wynika to z faktu, że timeshare nie jest tematyką często poruszaną w literaturze naukowej oraz w ramach szeroko pojętego rynku dydaktycznego. Dodatkowo, prezentowany artykuł zawiera analizę problemu badawczego dotyczącego pozycji prawnej przedsiębiorcy w relacjach z konsumentem. W artykule scharakteryzowano umowy regulowane ustawą o timeshare, zakres przedmiotowy tej ustawy oraz pojęcia przedsiębiorcy i konsumenta. Opisano również obowiązki przedsiębiorcy związane z utrzymaniem obiektu timeshare oraz przesłanki pozwalające odstąpić konsumentowi od umowy. W dalszej kolejności przedstawiono szczegółowe powinności i obostrzenia nałożone na przedsiębiorców, jak również ocenę poszczególnych rozwiązań prawnych dotyczących relacji pomiędzy przedsiębiorcą a konsumentem. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła stwierdzić, że pozycja prawna przedsiębiorcy została bardzo precyzyjnie uregulowana, co sprzyja wiarygodności obrotu prawnego. Ponadto, ustawodawca słusznie postanowił szczegółowo uregulować warunki wypowiedzenia umowy timeshare (zob. art. 40 ust. 2 i 3 oraz art. 41 ustawy o timeshare, choć należy pamiętać również o art. 3651 Ustawy z dnia 23 kwietnia 1964 Kodeks cywilny (tekst jednolity: Dz.U. z 2019 r., poz. 1145)), oraz zagadnienie odstąpienia od umowy w rozdziale 5 omawianej ustawy o timeshare, bowiem te instytucje prawne są często ze sobą mylone.

Purpose - The potential to provide customers with information about experience and credence qualities in advance of purchase has resulted in widespread recognition of the significance of brands in relation to consumer choice in the service sector. Arguably, what is of particular significance in this process is brand equity - the value that the consumer ascribes to the brand. The main objective of this research is to enhance academic understanding of brand equity in the higher education (HE) sector and explore the implications for management practice.Design methodology approach - Quantitative data collected via a self-completion survey are used to test a model of brand equity in the context of HE. The empirical setting is Egypt which, following liberalization, has a mixture of public and private provision and an increasingly competitive environment. It provides an example of an emerging market where building brand equity is likely to be an important component of organizational strategy.Findings - The results provide partial support for the proposed conceptual model, with image-related determinants of brand equity being far more significant than awareness-related determinants.Practical implications - For those involved in marketing service brands, the asymmetric impact of various determinants of brand equity provides guidance on how and where to focus marketing efforts.Originality value - The distinctive contribution of this research arises from the examination of brand equity in the context of an emerging service sector market with a mix of public and private provision.

Die Digitalisierung birgt Chancen und Risiken für nachhaltigen Konsum. Ob und inwieweit diese Chancen genutzt und die Risiken minimiert werden können, hängt auch von den Kompetenzen der Verbraucherinnen und Verbraucher ab. Eine Verbraucherbildung für nachhaltigen Konsum, die diese Herausforderungen anerkennt, sollte deshalb entsprechend weiterentwickelt werden. (DIPF/Orig.). Digitalisation entails chances and risks for sustainable consumption. Whether and to what extent these chances can be used and the risks minimised also depends on the competencies of consumers. Consumer education for sustainable consumption, recognizing these challenges, should therefore be further developed. (DIPF/Orig.).

To what extent do Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) monitor global value chains? While NGOs regularly denounce the behavior of multinational corporations throughout the world, their motivations for choosing campaign targets remain largely unknown. Using a new dataset on activists' campaigns toward multinational firms, we estimate a triadic gravity equation for campaigns, involving the NGO, firm, and action countries. Our results point to a strong proximity bias in NGO activity: Distance, national borders, and lack of a common language all contribute to impede the intensity of campaigns. We estimate the distance elasticity of campaigns to be −0.2 and further document that NGOs strongly bias their actions toward home firms or foreign firms with home actions. A domestic firm is 3.45 times more likely to be attacked than a foreign one. Foreign firms headquartered in common language countries draw 1.63 times more campaigns. Overall, campaigns seem to be designed so as to include at least one element of proximity drawing the attention of consumers. This pattern questions the role of NGOs in the monitoring of multinational production operated in remote, unfamiliar locations.

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to compare female students' perceptions of the value of advertising on social network sites (SNSs) to their perceptions of the value of television advertising.Design methodology approach - An online questionnaire was fielded among students from three major universities in the USA, as well as SNSs (Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter). The final sample (n=259) was comprised of female students who had used social media and television during the past month. The authors developed two structural equation models using Amos 18 statistical software.Findings - The analysis indicated that Ducoffe's Ad Value model does not provide a good fit for assessing advertising value in social media or television. While Irritation was a factor in assessing Attitude toward advertising, the respondents assessed ad value on the basis of Entertainment (higher for social media) and Informativeness (higher for television).Research limitations implications - In examining the relative importance of each component of Ducoffe's model, it is clear that Entertainment and Informativeness play key roles in assessing advertising value for both traditional (television) and non-traditional media (SNSs). While Irritation did not play a significant role in value assessment, it was found to directly impact attitude towards advertising, a critical juncture in the consumer purchase cycle.Practical implications - If practitioners seek to interact via SNSs with young female consumers they should focus on providing entertaining content in a format that makes brand engagement seamless while not impeding goals.Originality value - This initial investigation provides the impetus for future research about consumers' perceptions of advertising value across all SNSs, in comparison to their traditional counterparts.