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Social workers frequently encounter clients with a history of trauma. Trauma-informed care is a way of providing services by which social workers recognize the prevalence of early adversity in the lives of clients, view presenting problems as symptoms of maladaptive coping, and understand how early trauma shapes a client's fundamental beliefs about the world and affects his or her psychosocial functioning across the life span. Trauma-informed social work incorporates core principles of safety, trust, collaboration, choice, and empowerment and delivers services in a manner that avoids inadvertently repeating unhealthy interpersonal dynamics in the helping relationship. Trauma-informed social work can be integrated into all sorts of existing models of evidence-based services across populations and agency settings, can strengthen the therapeutic alliance, and facilitates posttraumatic growth.

Although all minorities experience inequalities, indigenous peoples in the United States tend to experience the most severe violent victimization. Until now, an organizing framework to explain or address the disproportionate rates of violent victimization was absent. Thus, the purpose of this conceptual article is to (a) introduce the concept of historical oppression, expanding the concept of historical trauma to make it inclusive of contemporary oppression; (b) describe the framework of historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence, which draws from distinct but related theoretical frameworks (that is, critical theory and resilience theory); and (c) apply the framework of historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence to the problem of violence against indigenous women. The proposed framework of historical oppression, resilience, and transcendence prioritizes social justice and strengths; it provides a culturally relevant framework, which can be used to explain, predict, and prevent violence. The article concludes with recommendations for future research, implications for practice, and recommended applications to other problems and populations.

Assessing the biological relevance of variance components estimated using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)‐based mixed‐effects models is not straightforward. Variance estimates are constrained to be greater than zero and their posterior distributions are often asymmetric. Different measures of central tendency for these distributions can therefore vary widely, and credible intervals cannot overlap zero, making it difficult to assess the size and statistical support for among‐group variance. Statistical support is often assessed through visual inspection of the whole posterior distribution and so relies on subjective decisions for interpretation. We use simulations to demonstrate the difficulties of summarizing the posterior distributions of variance estimates from MCMC‐based models. We then describe different methods for generating the expected null distribution (i.e. a distribution of effect sizes that would be obtained if there was no among‐group variance) that can be used to aid in the interpretation of variance estimates. Through comparing commonly used summary statistics of posterior distributions of variance components, we show that the posterior median is predominantly the least biased. We further show how null distributions can be used to derive a p ‐value that provides complementary information to the commonly presented measures of central tendency and uncertainty. Finally, we show how these p ‐values facilitate the implementation of power analyses within an MCMC framework. The use of null distributions for variance components can aid study design and the interpretation of results from MCMC‐based models. We hope that this manuscript will make empiricists using mixed models think more carefully about their results, what descriptive statistics they present and what inference they can make. Evaluar la relevancia biológica de componentes de varianza estimados utilizando modelos mixtos basados en métodos de Monte Carlo vía Cadenas de Markov (MCMC por sus siglas en inglés) no es sencillo. Los valores de varianza están limitados a ser mayores que cero y sus distribuciones posteriores suelen ser asimétricas. Por lo tanto, las diferentes medidas de tendencia central pueden ser muy diferentes, y los intervalos de credibilidad no pueden traslapar cero. Esto dificulta evaluar el soporte estadístico y la magnitud de la variación entre grupos. Las inferencias biológicas acerca de los valores estimados a menudo se evalúan inspeccionando visualmente la distribución posterior, por lo tanto, las interpretaciones generalmente se basan en decisiones subjetivas. En este trabajo, utilizamos simulaciones para demostrar los problemas a la hora de hacer inferencias acerca de varianzas estimadas usando modelos mixtos basados en MCMC. Luego describimos diferentes métodos para generar una distribución de varianzas que se obtendría si en realidad no existiera varianza entre grupos (distribución nula), la cual puede ayudar a hacer inferencias mas robustas acerca de los parametros estimados. Mediante la comparación de las estadísticas descriptivas comúnmente usadas para resumir distribuciones posteriores, mostramos que la media es la menos sesgada. Además, mostramos cómo se pueden usar las distribuciones nulas para derivar un valor p que proporciona información complementaria a las medidas de tendencia central e incertidumbre comúnmente presentadas en artículos científicos. Finalmente, mostramos cómo estos valores de p facilitan la implementación de análisis de poder. El uso de distribuciones nulas puede ayudar a optimizar diseños experimentales y en la interpretación de los resultados de los modelos basados en MCMC. Esperamos que este manuscrito ayude a los investigadores que utilizan modelos mixtos a reflexionar más detenidamente sobre sus resultados, las estadísticas descriptivas que deberían presentar, y las inferencias que pueden hacer. Évaluer la pertinence biologique des composantes de variance estimées à l'aide de modèles à effets mixtes basés sur la méthode MCMC n'est pas toujours évident. Les estimés de variance sont contraints d'être supérieurs à zéro et leurs distributions postérieures sont souvent asymétriques. Les différentes mesures de la tendance centrale de ces distributions peuvent ainsi varier considérablement et les intervalles de crédibilités ne peuvent pas chevaucher zéro, ce qui rend difficile l'évaluation de la taille et le support statistique de la variance entre les groupes. Le support statistique est souvent évalué par une inspection visuelle de l'ensemble de la distribution postérieure et repose sur des décisions subjectives pour l'interprétation. Nous utilisons des simulations pour démontrer les difficultés à résumer les distributions postérieures des estimés de variance à partir de modèles basés sur la méthode MCMC. Nous décrivons ensuite différentes méthodes pour générer la distribution nulle exceptée (c'est‐à‐dire une distribution des effets observés qui serait obtenue s'il n'y avait pas de variance entre les groupes) qui peut être utilisée pour faciliter l'interprétation des estimés de variance. En comparant des statistiques sommaires des distributions postérieures des composantes de variance couramment utilisées, nous montrons que la médiane postérieure est majoritairement la moins biaisée. Nous montrons également comment les distributions nulles peuvent être utilisées pour obtenir une valeur‐p qui fournit des informations complémentaires aux mesures de tendance centrale et d'incertitude couramment présentées. Enfin, nous montrons comment ces valeurs‐p facilitent la mise en œuvre d'analyses de puissance dans un cadre MCMC. L'utilisation de distributions nulles pour les composantes de variance peut faciliter la conception des études et l'interprétation des résultats des modèles basés sur la méthode MCMC. Nous espérons que ce manuscrit permettra aux biologistes empiriques qui utilisent les modèles mixtes d'avoir une réflexion plus approfondie sur l'interprétation de leurs résultats, les statistiques descriptives qu'ils présentent et les inférences qu'ils font. Die Beurteilung der biologischen Relevanz von Varianzkomponenten, die mit MCMC‐basierten gemischten Modellen geschätzt werden, ist nicht trivial. Varianzschätzungen sind notwendigerweise größer als Null, und ihre A‐Posteriori‐Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen sind oft asymmetrisch. Verschiedene Maße der zentralen Tendenz für diese Verteilungen können daher stark variieren, und die Kredibilitätsintervalle können nicht Null enthalten, was es schwierig macht, die Größe und die statistische Absicherung für die Varianz zwischen Gruppen zu bewerten. Die statistische Absicherung wird häufig durch eine visuelle Inspektion der gesamten A‐Posteriori‐Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung vorgenommen, so dass die Interpretation von subjektiven Entscheidungen abhängt. Wir verwenden Simulationen, um die Schwierigkeiten bei der Beschreibung der A‐Posteriori‐Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen von Varianzschätzungen aus MCMC‐basierten Modellen zu demonstrieren. Anschließend beschreiben wir verschiedene Methoden zur Erzeugung einer erwarteten Nullverteilung (d.h. einer Verteilung der Effektgrößen, die sich ergeben würde, wenn es keine Varianz zwischen den Gruppen gäbe), die als Hilfe bei der Interpretation der Varianzschätzungen verwendet werden kann. Durch den Vergleich häufig verwendeter Maße der zusammenfassenden Statistik von A‐Posteriori‐Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen der Varianzkomponenten zeigen wir, dass der A‐Posteriori‐Median in der Regel die geringste Verzerrung aufweist. Darüber hinaus zeigen wir, wie Nullverteilungen verwendet werden können, um einen p‐Wert abzuleiten, der zusätzliche Informationen zu den üblicherweise dargestellten Maßen der zentralen Tendenz und Unsicherheit liefert. Schließlich zeigen wir, wie diese p‐Werte die Durchführung von Trennschärfeanalysen innerhalb eines MCMC‐Ansatzes erleichtern. Die Verwendung von Nullverteilungen für Varianzkomponenten kann das Studiendesign und die Interpretation der Ergebnisse von MCMC‐basierten Modellen unterstützen. Wir hoffen, dass dieses Manuskript Empiriker:innen, die gemischte Modelle verwenden, dazu anregt, sorgfältiger über ihre Ergebnisse, die deskriptiven Statistik‐Maße, die sie präsentieren, und die Schlussfolgerungen, die sie daraus ziehen können, nachzudenken.

In diesem Artikel spreche ich mich dafür aus, Naturalisierung umfassender und in einem formaleren Sinn zu verstehen als in dem bestimmter essentialisierender Konzepte, wie z.B. biologistischer Auffassungen von Geschlecht oder race. Wann immer wir Konzepte als selbstverständlich oder alternativlos behandeln, naturalisieren wir Diskurse als solche, behandeln sie also als etwas anderes denn als Diskurse in einem foucaultschen Sinn – d.h. als kontingent und veränderlich. Die Annahme, dass es keinen Diskurs ohne konstitutives Außen, ohne konstitutive Ausschlüsse gibt, hilft, die Aufmerksamkeit auf die je selbst praktizierten Ausschlüsse zu lenken, zugleich aber auch auf die Grenzen der Möglichkeit, diese zu erkennen. Aufgrund dieser Grenzen kann Naturalisierung ebenso leicht in queerfeministischer, antirassistischer und anderer progressiv orientierter Forschung erfolgen wie in hegemonialen Diskursen. Dies zeige ich exemplarisch am Beispiel der Theoretisierung von happiness durch Sara Ahmed, die selbst eine wichtige Autorin zum Thema Naturalisierung ist. Schlagwörter: Biologismus, Dekonstruktion, Diskurs, Essentialismus, Gefühl

This paper aims to demonstrate three interrelated theses regarding Elise Reimarus’s role in the early stages of the Pantheismusstreit, namely: (I) that her commitment to fostering dialogue between opposing philosophical perspectives was fundamental in bridging the divide between Friedrich Jacobi and Moses Mendelssohn, thereby advancing the controversy; (II) that her dialogical approach to philosophy represents an original contribution to the Pantheismusstreit, differing from the stances of both Jacobi and Mendelssohn; (III) that, nevertheless, Jacobi appropriated Reimarus’s insights to bolster the dissemination of his own views on philosophy and Spinozism. To substantiate these claims, the paper is structured as follows: an introduction to outline the current state of research on Reimarus and her significance for the Pantheismusstreit (1); an analysis of Jacobi’s conceptualization of Spinozism and its philosophical implications (2); an examination of Reimarus’s mediatory efforts and their distinctive philosophical underpinnings (3); and a concluding discussion assessing the broader impact of Reimarus’s contributions to the debate (4). Dieser Artikel stellt drei miteinander verknüpfte Thesen zu Elise Reimarus’ Rolle in den frühen Phasen des Pantheismusstreits auf: (I) dass ihr Engagement für die Förderung des Dialogs zwischen gegensätzlichen philosophischen Perspektiven maßgeblich dazu beitrug, die Kluft zwischen Friedrich Jacobi und Moses Mendelssohn zu überwinden; (II) dass ihr dialogischer Ansatz in der Philosophie einen eigenständigen Beitrag zum Pantheismusstreit darstellt, der sich von den Positionen sowohl Jacobis als auch Mendelssohns unterscheidet; (III) dass Jacobi Reimarus’ Erkenntnisse zur Verbreitung seiner eigenen Ansichten über Philosophie und Spinozismus vereinnahmte. Zur Begründung dieser Thesen ist der Artikel wie folgt gegliedert: In der Einleitung werden der aktuelle Forschungsstand zu Reimarus und ihrer Bedeutung für den Pantheismusstreit dargestellt (1); es folgen eine Analyse von Jacobis Konzeption des Spinozismus und dessen philosophischen Implikationen (2); eine Untersuchung der vermittelnden Bemühungen von Reimarus und ihrer eigenständigen philosophischen Grundlagen (3); sowie eine abschließende Diskussion, die die breitere Bedeutung von Reimarus’ Beiträgen zu dieser Debatte bewertet (4).

Background: Promoting cycling to school may benefit establishing a lifelong physical activity routine. This systematic review aimed to summarize the evidence on strategies and effects of school-based interventions focusing on increasing active school transport by bicycle. Methods: A literature search based on \"PICo\" was conducted in eight electronic databases. Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials with primary/secondary school students of all ages were included that conducted pre-post measurements of a school-based intervention aimed at promoting active school travel by bicycle and were published in English between 2000 and 2019. The methodological quality was assessed using the \"Effective Public Health Practice Project\" tool for quantitative studies. Applied behavior change techniques were identified using the \"BCT Taxonomy v1\". Two independent researchers undertook the screening, data extraction, appraisal of study quality, and behavior change techniques. Results: Nine studies investigating seven unique interventions performed between 2012 and 2018 were included. All studies were rated as weak quality. The narrative synthesis identified 19 applied behavior change techniques clustered in eleven main groups according to their similarities and a variety of 35 different outcome variables classified into seven main groups. Most outcomes were related to active school travel and psychosocial factors, followed by physical fitness, physical activity levels, weight status, active travel and cycling skills. Four studies, examining in total nine different outcomes, found a significant effect in favor of the intervention group on bicycle trips to school (boys only), percentage of daily cycling trips to school, parental/child self-efficacy, parental outcome expectations, moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (total, from cycling, before/after school), and total basic cycling skills. Seven of these outcomes were only examined in two studies conducting the same intervention in children, a voluntary bicycle train to/from school accompanied by adults, including the following clustered main groups of behavior change techniques: shaping knowledge, comparison of behavior, repetition and substitution as well as antecedents. Conclusions: The applied strategies in a bicycle train intervention among children indicated great potential to increase cycling to school. Our findings provide relevant insights for the design and implementation of future school-based interventions targeting active school transport by bicycle. (Autor).

It is critical to characterize submarine landslide hazards near dense coastal populations, especially in areas with active faults, which can trigger slope failure, subsequent tsunamis, and damage seabed infrastructure during earthquake shaking. Offshore southern California, numerous marine geophysical surveys have been conducted over the past decade, and high‐resolution bathymetric and subsurface data now cover about 60 percent of the total region between Point Conception and the United States‐Mexico border from the California coast out to the base of Patton Escarpment ∼200 km offshore. In a comprehensive compilation and interpretive mapping effort, we find evidence of seafloor failure throughout offshore southern California with nearly 1,500 submarine landslide‐related features, including 63 discrete slide deposits with debris and >1,400 slide‐related scarps. In our analysis, we highlight new mapping of submarine landslides in Catalina Basin, the Del Mar slide, the San Gabriel slide complex, and the 232 km2 San Nicolas slide, the largest area of any known submarine landslide mass offshore southern California. Analysis of the spatial distribution of submarine landslide features suggests that most mapped slide features are located relatively near coastal sediment sources, particularly during sea‐level lowstand conditions, which underscores the importance of sediment supply and sediment accumulation on low‐gradient slopes as failure preconditioning processes. Tectonically driven uplift at shelf edges and along basin flanks is another key preconditioning factor, and our results also suggest that earthquakes along active faults trigger mass wasting, especially for repeated, small‐scale failures on tectonically steepened slopes. Plain Language Summary Submarine landslides can damage seabed infrastructure such as cables and moorings, cause tsunamis, and be triggered by shaking from earthquakes. It is important to understand the risk of submarine landslides near dense coastal populations, particularly where earthquakes also pose hazards. Offshore southern California, we have new high‐resolution seafloor and subsurface imaging data that help us to identify submarine landslide deposits in the marine environment. In our study, we map and compile evidence for submarine landslides and find nearly 1,500 slide‐related features, 63 of which feature significant debris deposits. We describe some of the larger slides in this study for the first time, including submarine landslides in Catalina Basin, the Del Mar slide, the San Gabriel slide complex, and the 232 square kilometer San Nicolas slide, which is one of the largest known submarine landslide masses offshore southern California. Our work suggests that submarine landslide failure processes offshore southern California require a combination of (a) significant sediment supply, which is enhanced during low sea‐level conditions, (b) uplift and steepening along faults, and (c) earthquake shaking to trigger slide events. Key Points Comprehensive analysis of submarine landslides in southern California provides new metrics on their size, distribution, timing, and geology Submarine landslide failure processes are controlled by a combination of sediment deposition, tectonic uplift, and earthquake triggering Small‐scale failures dominate steep areas near Quaternary faults; large slides tend to occur on lower slopes farther from faults

The importance of mathematical problem posing has been acknowledged by many researchers. In this theoretical paper, we want to capture different meanings and aspects of problem posing by approaching it from three different levels: (1) by comparing definitions, (2) by relating it to other constructs, and (3) by referring to research and teaching settings. The first level is an attempt to organise existing definitions of problem posing. The result of this analysis are five categories, which shows that there is no consensus regarding the conceptualisations of problem posing. In the second level, we examine how problem posing is conceived by the research community compared to other mathematical constructs, such as problem solving, mathematical creativity, or modelling. Finally, in the third level, we summarise possible ways of implementing problem posing in research and teaching settings as they are depicted in the relevant literature. Given this broad variance regarding the conceptualisations of problem posing, we attempt to provide some arguments as to whether there is a need for consensus on a commonly accepted concept of problem posing. (DIPF/Orig.).