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The author here presents an informative study offering a brief synthesis of the significant legislative and political steps during the first years of the collectivization and socialisation policy of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) and its plans for the overall transformation of law from bourgeois to socialist, particularly in relation to property laws regarding land and the cooperative movement. In the reality of post-war Czechoslovak cooperatives and agriculture, these processes insensitively and destructively affected independent farmers and non-socialist cooperative forms of business. After the communists rose to power in Czechoslovakia after February 1948, a vigorous collectivization process began in the first phase of the collectivization of Czechoslovak rural areas from 1949 to 1953 (or at least until the beginning of 1953), and as a result of the concentrated communist pressure on the existing agriculture and cooperative movement, new socialist cooperatives and agricultural cooperative law were established, the basic legal framework of which and its problematic implementation during the first years of communist totality are presented by the author.

Relapsing Polychondritis (RP) is a rare, progressive and multisystemic disease characterized by recurrent inflammation of cartilaginous tissues. In this report, we present a case of RP that consulted from a urologist due to complaints with bilateral hearing loss, tinnitus and bilateral auricular hyperemia three days after renal surgery. A physical examination revealed thickening of both external auditory canals, with edema and erythema of the auricles; bilateral nasal crusting and hyperemia of mucoperichondrium with pain were also present.

In 1949, Romania's fledgling communist regime unleashed a radical and brutal campaign to collectivize agriculture in this largely agrarian country, following the Soviet model. Peasants under Siege provides the first comprehensive look at the far-reaching social engineering process that ensued. Gail Kligman and Katherine Verdery examine how collectivization assaulted the very foundations of rural life, transforming village communities that were organized around kinship and status hierarchies into segments of large bureaucratic organizations, forged by the language of \"class warfare\" yet saturated with vindictive personal struggles.

On October 27, 1991, the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic declared its independence from the Soviet Union. Hammer and sickle gave way to a flag, a national anthem, and new holidays. Seven decades earlier, Turkmenistan had been a stateless conglomeration of tribes. What brought about this remarkable transformation? Tribal Nationaddresses this question by examining the Soviet effort in the 1920s and 1930s to create a modern, socialist nation in the Central Asian Republic of Turkmenistan. Adrienne Edgar argues that the recent focus on the Soviet state as a \"maker of nations\" overlooks another vital factor in Turkmen nationhood: the complex interaction between Soviet policies and indigenous notions of identity. In particular, the genealogical ideas that defined premodern Turkmen identity were reshaped by Soviet territorial and linguistic ideas of nationhood. The Soviet desire to construct socialist modernity in Turkmenistan conflicted with Moscow's policy of promoting nationhood, since many Turkmen viewed their \"backward customs\" as central to Turkmen identity. Tribal Nationis the first book in any Western language on Soviet Turkmenistan, the first to use both archival and indigenous-language sources to analyze Soviet nation-making in Central Asia, and among the few works to examine the Soviet multinational state from a non-Russian perspective. By investigating Soviet nation-making in one of the most poorly understood regions of the Soviet Union, it also sheds light on broader questions about nationalism and colonialism in the twentieth century.

When revolutions happen, they change the rules of everyday life--both the codified rules concerning the social and legal classifications of citizens and the unwritten rules about how individuals present themselves to others. This occurred in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, which laid the foundations of the Soviet state, and again in 1991, when that state collapsed.Tear Off the Masks!is about the remaking of identities in these times of upheaval. Sheila Fitzpatrick here brings together in a single volume years of distinguished work on how individuals literally constructed their autobiographies, defended them under challenge, attempted to edit the \"file-selves\" created by bureaucratic identity documentation, and denounced others for \"masking\" their true social identities. Marxist class-identity labels--\"worker,\" \"peasant,\" \"intelligentsia,\" \"bourgeois\"--were of crucial importance to the Soviet state in the 1920s and 1930s, but it turned out that the determination of a person's class was much more complicated than anyone expected. This in turn left considerable scope for individual creativity and manipulation. Outright imposters, both criminal and political, also make their appearance in this book. The final chapter describes how, after decades of struggle to construct good Soviet socialist personae, Russians had to struggle to make themselves fit for the new, post-Soviet world in the 1990s--by \"de-Sovietizing\" themselves. Engaging in style and replete with colorful detail and characters drawn from a wealth of sources,Tear Off the Masks!offers unique insight into the elusive forms of self-presentation, masking, and unmasking that made up Soviet citizenship and continue to resonate in the post-Soviet world.

Amaç: Dil ve konuşma terapisi mesleǧi ülkemizde gelişen, disiplinler arası ve çoklu-disiplinli baǧımsız bir bilim alanıdır. Dil ve konuşma terapistleri mesleklerini icra ederken nörologlar, plastik cerrahlar, ortodonti uzmanları, pediatri hekimleri gibi farklı hekim gruplarının yanı sıra odyolog, fizyoterapist gibi diǧer saǧlık meslek mensuplarıyla iş birliǧi içerisindedir. Tıbbın ve diǧer saǧlık bilimlerinin birçok alanıyla ortak paydası olan dil ve konuşma terapisi mesleǧini icra eden dil ve konuşma terapistleri başta ses bozuklukları olmak üzere birçok alanda kulak burun boǧaz hekimleriyle de birlikte çalışmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı kulak burun boǧaz hekimlerinin ses bozuklukları alanında çalışan dil ve konuşma terapistlerine yönelik görüşlerini deǧerlendirmektir. Yöntem: Bu amaç doǧrultusunda oluşturulan 27 maddelik anket Türkiye'de çalışan kulak burun boǧaz hekimlerine çevrim içi olarak gönderilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 23,0 ile analiz edilmiştir. İstatistiksel analizde betimsel istatistikler ve ki-kare analizi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya 42 kulak burun boǧaz hekimi katılmıştır. Katılan hekimler ortalama 11,7 (min=1; max=33) yıldır uzman olarak görev yapmaktadır. Katılımcıların tamamı (%100) ses bozukluǧu yaşayan vakalarının olması durumunda mutlaka bir dil ve konuşma terapistine yönlendirdiklerini ifade etmiştir. Vokal fold nodülü, kas gerilim disfonisi ve puberfoni en sık yönlendirdikleri ses bozuklukları olarak göze çarpmaktadır. Katılan hekimlerin %95,1'i dil ve konuma terapistlerinin ses bozukluǧu olan hastalara doǧru ve etkili fonasyonu öǧrettiklerini düşünmektedir. Katılımcıların %73,8'i ses bozukluklarının tanısında dil ve konuşma terapistlerinin kulak burun boǧaz hekimleriyle birlikte rol alması fikrine katılmaktadır. Bir dil ve konuşma terapistiyle birlikte çalışan hekimler çalışmayanlara kıyasla terapistlerin videolarengostroboskopi gibi görüntüleme aletlerini kullanmasına daha olumlu bakmaktadır (%2= 4,436, p=,035). Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, dil ve konuşma terapistleriyle çalışan kulak burun boǧaz hekimlerinin iş birliǧine açık, vaka paylaşan, mesleki sınırlarını bilerek güvene dayalı bir şekilde çalışan meslek elemanları oldukları görülmektedir. Birbirlerini daha iyi tanıyan meslek mensuplarının disiplinler arası çalışmayla daha iyi ve etkili hizmetler sunacakları düşünülmektedir.