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Union membership and the wage gap between the public and private sectors: Evidence from China
As trade unions are active in corporations worldwide, their effects on the labor market have attracted global attention. However, there is scarce empirical evidence regarding how trade unions' effects on the wage gap differ between the public and private sectors, especially in the Chinese context. Using national longitudinal survey data from the China Family Panel Studies for the years 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018 and the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method, this study estimates unions' effect on the wage gap between the public and private sectors in China. The results from the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method indicate the existence of a significant positive union wage premium nationwide. Additionally, the premium in the public sector is greater than that in the private sector. However, this effect becomes insignificant after accounting for individual heterogeneity using the fixed effects model. The decomposition results based on the OLS method indicate that the union coverage difference (the endowment effect) widens the wage gap between the public and private sectors; conversely, the union wage premium difference (the price effect) narrows the wage gap. These results indicate that a policy expanding union coverage in the private sector may effectively narrow the wage gap between both sectors.
Journal Article
Gender wage gap in European emerging markets: A meta-analytic perspective
In this paper, we report the results of a meta-analysis of 670 estimates extracted from 53 previous research works to estimate the gender wage gap in European emerging markets. A meta-synthesis of collected estimates exhibits that the gender differences have a statistically significant and economically meaningful impact on wage levels. Synthesis results also reveal that the gender wage gap in countries with EU membership is lower than that in non-EU member states and, nevertheless, the wage gap between men and women has a tendency to diminish over time in the region as a whole. The meta-regression analysis of literature heterogeneity and test for publication selection bias back up the findings obtained from the meta-synthesis.
Journal Article
Mapping the modern workforce: An overview of workforce competency demands
An understanding of the demands of the contemporary world of work may help guide policy‐ and decision‐making processes. However, despite the importance of this understanding, few studies have attempted to examine the universe of available occupations to determine the most in‐demand knowledge, skills, abilities, and other worker characteristics (KSAOs) as well as the relative demands of these KSAOs across occupations. This study addresses the first concern by calculating weighted averages that rely on the Occupational Information Network's (O*NET's) data on worker requirements and characteristics and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS’) employment counts. Furthermore, this study leverages the power of latent profile analyses to identify numerous workplace profiles, allowing us to uncover the extent to which KSAOs are demanded in relation to each other. Key findings suggest that the competencies relating to communication, business, technology, and cognition were among the most highly demanded KSAOs in the labor market. Additionally, identified KSAO profiles indicated that the rank ordering of KSAO level requirements differed across large sections of the labor market, indicating that the rank orderings proposed by the weighted averages were not consistent across the occupations examined. In sum, the findings of this study provide vital occupational information that contributes to our understanding of the KSAOs that are expected from the prospective workforce. In the context of career guidance, such information may assist career counselors and other guidance professionals in describing the world of work to their clients, thereby empowering them to make more educated career development choices that will improve their employability within the extant labor market.
Journal Article
Health Effects of Unemployment in Denmark, Norway and Sweden 2007–2010
This article investigates short-term health effects of unemployment for individuals in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden during an economic downturn (2007–2010) that hit the Scandinavian countries with diverging strength. The longitudinal part of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data material is analyzed, and results from generalized least squares estimation indicate that Denmark is the only Scandinavian country in which health status deteriorated among the unemployed. The individual-level (and calendar year) fixed-effect results confirm the negative relationship between unemployment and health status in Denmark. This result is robust across different subsamples, model specifications, and changes in both the dependent and independent variable. Health status deteriorated especially among women and people in prime working age (30–59 years). There is, however, only scant evidence of short-term health effects among the recently unemployed in Norway and Sweden. The empirical findings are discussed in light of: (1) the adequacy of the unemployment insurance system, (2) the likelihood of re-employment for the displaced worker, and (3) selection patterns into and out of employment in the years preceding and during the economic downturn.
Journal Article
Achieving effective social protection for all in Latin America and the Caribbean : from right to reality
Slow progress in improving the coverage of Latin America and the Caribbean's (LAC's) traditional social protection (SP) programs, combined with the deepening of democracy, have led to calls for a new social contract to provide effective social protection to all citizens. This book highlights the main findings of a regional study by the World Bank, from right to reality: how Latin America and the Caribbean can achieve universal social protection by improving redistribution and adapting programs to labor markets. The report analyzes LAC's social insurance (SI) systems and highlights growing concerns about the incentives they may create and the behaviors they may incite on the part of workers, employers and service providers. It offers an economic analysis of the roots of these problems and suggests a way forward to achieve universal coverage in an equitable manner. The report argues that a coherent overall vision for the SP system should be established if such problems are to be understood and resolved. The goal is to turn the theoretical right to social protection, which is enshrined in many of the region's constitutions and laws, into a reality for all of LAC's population. A central message of the report is that SP systems need to respond to the realities of LAC's labor markets, especially the prevalence of informality and frequent changes of employment.
eBook
An Exploratory Study of Online Job Portal Data of the ICT Sector in Bangladesh: Analysis, Recommendations and Preliminary Implications for ICT Curriculum Reform
Many countries wish to achieve digital transformation, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The digital skills demand is changing fast. The time-series online job portal data for the ICT industry in Bangladesh provides an opportunity to analyze high demand job titles and skills over time. These time-series data address the question of the speed of changes in job titles and skills and responsiveness of computer science and engineering (CSE) curricula. This study gathers online job portal data of the ICT industry in Bangladesh from 2016 to 2021. Natural language processing is used to group similar skills and job titles following the O*NET Online taxonomy. In addition to the descriptive statistics, the statistical significance test and correlation analysis are conducted. The analysis could identify high demand ICT job titles (Software Developers, Computer System Engineers/Architects, Web Developers, Project Management Specialists) and skills (API, Database, JavaScript) but Computer System Engineer/Architect job titles and API skills are increasing fast. The shift from networking to JavaScript and UI Design is also noteworthy after COVID-19. The preliminary curricula analysis suggests the responsiveness of the CSE program, but online job portal data analysis might provide opportunities for developing unique CSE specialization, courses and curricula.
Journal Article