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Bridging the Gap: Addressing Health Worker Imbalances in Sub-Saharan Africa This working paper tackles the critical issue of geographical imbalances in the health workforce across Sub-Saharan Africa. It analyzes labor market dynamics and their impact on urban-rural inequities, offering a fresh perspective on why these imbalances persist. Discover effective policy options for improving health resource allocation and achieving better health outcomes. This is for researchers, policy analysts, and policymakers seeking to understand and address health workforce challenges in the developing world. Learn how to: * Analyze health labor markets using economic principles * Evaluate the effectiveness of different policy interventions * Improve health system efficiency and reduce poverty

Broad-based growth is critical for accelerating poverty reduction. But income inequality also affects the pace at which growth translates into gains for the poor. Despite the attention researchers have given to the relative roles of growth and inqequality in reducing poverty, little is known about how the microunderpinnings of growth strategies affect poor households' ability to participate in and profit from growth. Delivering on the Promise of Pro-Poor Growth contributes to the debate on how to accelerate poverty reduction by providing insights from eight countries that have been relatively successful in delivering pro-poor growth: Bangladesh, Brazil, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Tunisia, Uganda, and Vietnam. It integrates growth analytics with the microanalysis of household data to determine how country policies and conditions interact to reduce poverty and to spread the benefits of growth across different income groups. This title is a useful resource for policy makers, donor agencies, academics, think tanks, and government officials seeking a practical framework to improve country level diagnostics of growth-poverty linkages.

BACKGROUND Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) is experiencing a rapid increase in its aging population, including people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLHIV). The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of dementia among PLHIV and people without HIV (POHIV) in Malawi. METHODS We conducted a retrospective medical record review of 400 consecutive patients from a single tertiary health center (200 PLHIV from an HIV clinic and 200 POHIV from an outpatient clinic) in Lilongwe, Malawi. RESULTS The overall rate of dementia was higher in PLHIV than that in POHIV (22% vs 10%; p = 1.4e). Older age, unknown employment or unemployed, and depression were significant risk factors for dementia for PLHIV, while older age and depression were significant among POHIV. DISCUSSION Our study confirmed the increased risk of dementia in PLHIV and provides valuable groundwork for future dementia studies to accurately examine the prevalence and risk factors of dementia in SSA, including Malawi. Highlights Malawians, in SSA, face the double burden of HIV AD and related dementias. We conducted a retrospective medical record review to assess dementia prevalence and risk factors. Dementia prevalence was higher in PLHIV than in POHIV. Older age, unknown employment or unemployed, and depression were risk factors for dementia in PLHIV. Our findings, reflecting the current diagnosing and medical documenting practice in Malawi, provide valuable groundwork for future dementia research in Malawi.

The water distribution subsystem is the most failing subsystem included in the water supply system. One of the main consequences of water supply failures is the lack of water supply to consumers, which is always very onerous. The paper presents a method of determining the conditional probability that a break in the supply of water to consumers of a certain duration will be caused by a specific type of failure. The result of the work was to identify water supply network failures that result in the longest water supply suspension time. The method was presented on a real water supply system. In order to reduce the incidence of long-term interruptions in water supply, water supply companies should mainly continue replacing gray cast iron pipes with thermoplastic materials. Actions taken to increase the safety of drinking water supply meet the current standards for the safety of drinking water, developed by the World Health Organization and the European Union.

What transforms a desirable project on a government wish list to an attractive investment opportunity in the eyes of a potential private sector partner? This guide seeks to enhance the chances of developing effective partnerships between the public and the private sectors by addressing one of the main obstacles to the effective delivery of public-private partnership (PPP) projects: having the right information on the right project for the right partners at the right time. Data from the World Bank and the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF) private participation in infrastructure (PPI) project database indicate that private sector investment in infrastructure in developing economies grew steadily over the past decade. By 2007 the levels had finally surpassed the peak levels seen in 1997, the end of the previous growth spurt. This guide focuses specifically on what should be done, and when, in order to prepare projects to attract the right long-term private partners, procure their involvement, and manage the partnership. This guide is not a detailed project preparation manual; rather, it seeks to provide an overview of the process and what is involved so that greater realism can be applied to this challenging task and adequate resource plans can be developed.

Urban development and land release policies in the city fringes are criticised because they often fail to achieve their objectives such as providing affordable housing for low to moderate-income groups as well as provision of infrastructure and transportation. From a Marxian point of view, urban development plans fail because of the inherent contradictions of capital, and consequently, maximisation of surplus-value becomes the main objectives of land supply policies. In this paper, I draw on the Lacanian concept of drive and use the homology between Marxian surplus-value and Lacanian surplus-enjoyment to explain how the market rationality of neoliberalism (late-capitalism) deflects the desired objectives of urban development plans (UDPs); that is, the desire to provide affordable housing and urban services and infrastructure instead facilitates speculative activities on land in the suburban areas of a metropolis, such as Perth, Western Australia. In particular, the paper focuses on the neoliberal intuitional and financial dimensions of UDPs. In conclusion, I suggest how planners may deal with the pressure of the lack in the hegemonic discourse of neoliberalism in order to avoid the stuckness of the logic of drive materialised in the operation of planning institutions.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are by far the major cause of death in lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income countries; by 2015, they will also be the leading cause of death in low-income countries.

This study aimed to discover the inhibiting factors for fostering regional sports achievements, especially in the city of Tasikmalaya, Indonesian. The approach used was descriptive qualitative, and the subjects in this study were from the management of the Indonesian National Sports Committee (KONI) namely the general chairman, general secretary, head of the organization, and head of achievement development. In addition, the subjects were two leaders and trainers from 41 sports branches and two employees of the Regional Technical Implementation Unit (UPTD) of the Dadaha Management Sports Center, Tasikmalaya City. The instruments used were passive observation guidelines, semi-structured interview guidelines, and documentation. The data analysis techniques used were data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions/verification. The results obtained are 1) Some sports have problems or internal conflicts in their management, 2) Regeneration and the cadre of management do not work in some sports, due to the lack of human resources (HR) and their lack of transparency in the recruitment of management, 3) Organizational management ineffective, namely the organization is only run by a handful of people, 4) The coaching process in some sports is not running and sustainable because of the lack of maximum breeding and massing of sports, 5) The coaching and training process is not completely based on science and technology and Sport Science, 6) Most of the trainers still have a conventional and experiencebased paradigm and are more inclined to physical development that has not fully touched the realm of mental development, 7) Support for facilities and infrastructure is still lacking, not even available, especially for martial arts and gymnastics, thus hampering the training process. 8) The management of the Dadaha Sports Center is not optimal and not in favor of sports, 9) The lack of a sports budget from the local government every year, 10) Bureaucracy or budget distribution procedures from the Regional Government for the Indonesian National Sports Committee (KONI) Tasikmalaya City through the Youth Service A fairly complicated sport (DISPORA) goes through 4 terms every year. We concluded that the development of regional sports achievements will be related to several factors, including the management of sports organizations, the availability of competent trainer resources, a continuous coaching process, support for facilities, infrastructure, and budgets, attention from the government, and synergy between the executive, legislature, and related departments.

The paper presents issues related to ensuring the safety of water supply, based on the analysis and assessment of the risk of the lack of water supply to consumers using risk maps, in accordance with the current global trend recommended by guidelines and procedures, compliance with which should be a priority activity in the struggle against adverse events, related to the functioning of every collective water supply system (CWSS). The work contribution is the development of an original methodology of risk analysis and assessment for the needs of mapping the risk of a lack of water supply in the normal operation of the water supply network, as well as during a crisis. The presented methods take into account the quantitative aspect of the lack of water supply, with the possibility of extending the proposed solutions with a qualitative aspect. The article will contribute to the development of knowledge in the area of analysis and assessment of the risk of a water supply failure in PsDyW, and will determine new standards in its graphical presentation. It is a response to the World Health Organization (WHO) requirements of providing protection for the critical infrastructure and ensuring access to water for all citizens in the European Union.

This report, consisting of a study prepared by global project finance specialists Hunton and Williams LLP and comments from six internationally reputed economists and policy makers, provides an analytical discussion of resource financed infrastructure (RFI) contracting from a project finance perspective. The report is meant as a forum for in-depth discussion and as a basis for further research into RFI's role, risks, and potential, without any intention to present a World Bank, supported view on RFI contracting. It is motivated by the conviction that if countries are to continue to either seeks RFI or receive unsolicited RFI proposals, there is an onus on public officials to discern bad deals from good, to judge unavoidable trade-offs, and to act accordingly. The report aims to provide a basis for developing insights on how RFI deals can be made subject to the same degree of public policy scrutiny as any other instrument through which a government of a low or lower-middle-income country might seek to mobilize development finance. The report also feeds into the global mainstreaming of 'open contracting,' providing citizens with the means to engage with governments and other stakeholders on how nonrenewable resources are best managed for the public benefit. In the case of RFI, there is a very direct link made between the value of resources in the ground and the development of (infrastructure) benefits. It should not be a surprise, therefore, that the revised Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) Standard, adopted in May 2013, addresses extractive transactions with an infrastructure component, including RFI.