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"LAND RENT"
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Impacts of Aging Agricultural Labor Force on Land Transfer: An Empirical Analysis Based on the China Family Panel Studies
Aging is an important trend in the global demographic, with rural population aging becoming a significant challenge due to its faster pace and profound implications. Although the most significant impact of the aging agricultural labor force occurs in agricultural production and land use, little is known about their relationship. Based on the 2010–2018 data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies, this study uses the panel probit model to analyze the impact of the aging agricultural labor force on land transfer and tests its influence mechanism from the aspects of health effect and pension insurance effect. The results show the following: (1) there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the aging of the agricultural labor force and land rent-in—with the deepening of the aging of the agricultural labor force, the aging of the agricultural labor force shifts from promoting land rent-in to inhibiting it; (2) there is a U-shaped relationship between the aging of the agricultural labor force and land rent-out—with the deepening of the aging of the agricultural labor force, the aging of the agricultural labor force shifts from inhibiting land rent-out to promoting it; and (3) the impact of the aging agricultural labor force on land rent-in and rent-out is significantly affected by farmers’ health levels, however pension insurance does not play a significant moderating role. Therefore, the government should strengthen the land transfer market and improve the level of pension insurance for the elderly rural agricultural labor force.
Journal Article
Characterizing commercial oil palm expansion in Latin America: land use change and trade
Commodity crop expansion has increased with the globalization of production systems and consumer demand, linking distant socio-ecological systems. Oil palm plantations are expanding in the tropics to satisfy growing oilseed and biofuel markets, and much of this expansion has caused extensive deforestation, especially in Asia. In Latin America, palm oil output has doubled since 2001, and the majority of expansion seems to be occurring on non-forested lands. We used MODIS satellite imagery (250 m resolution) to map current oil palm plantations in Latin America and determined prior land use and land cover (LULC) using high-resolution images in Google Earth. In addition, we compiled trade data to determine where Latin American palm oil flows, in order to better understand the underlying drivers of expansion in the region. Based on a sample of 342 032 ha of oil palm plantations across Latin America, we found that 79% replaced previously intervened lands (e.g. pastures, croplands, bananas), primarily cattle pastures (56%). The remaining 21% came from areas that were classified as woody vegetation (e.g. forests), most notably in the Amazon and the Petén region in northern Guatemala. Latin America is a net exporter of palm oil but the majority of palm oil exports (70%) stayed within the region, with Mexico importing about half. Growth of the oil palm sector may be driven by global factors, but environmental and economic outcomes vary between regions (i.e. Asia and Latin America), within regions (i.e. Colombia and Peru), and within single countries (i.e. Guatemala), suggesting that local conditions are influential. The present trend of oil palm expanding onto previously cleared lands, guided by roundtable certifications programs, provides an opportunity for more sustainable development of the oil palm sector in Latin America.
Journal Article
How do climate anomalies affect the duration of land transfers? Evidence from China
The duration of land transfers plays a pivotal role in attaining agricultural sustainability and enhancing farmer’s welfare. Using household tracking survey data from China, this study investigates how climate anomalies affect the duration of land transfers. We find that abnormally high temperatures during the growing season shorten the duration of land rented in, while abnormally high precipitation during the growing season extends the duration of land rented out. Land rent is the main channel through which climate anomalies affect the duration of land transfers. Abnormally high precipitation reduces the unit rent of land rented out, while abnormally high temperatures increase the unit rent of land rented in. Additionally, household heads with a risk-lover attitude weakened the positive effect of abnormal high precipitation on the duration of land rented out, while larger areas of land rented out strengthened such effect. The negative effect of abnormally high temperatures on the duration of land rented in is more pronounced in hot regions. These findings offer valuable references for relevant government agencies to formulate policies to extend the duration of land transfers and safeguard farmer welfare amidst the challenges of climate change.
Journal Article
Agricultural Land Conversion, Land Economic Value, and Sustainable Agriculture: A Case Study in East Java, Indonesia
Agricultural land conversion (ALC) is an incentive-driven process. In this paper, we further investigate the inter-relationship between land economic value (LEV) and ALC. To achieve this goal, we calculated the LEV for agricultural and non-agricultural (housing) uses in two areas of East Java, Indonesia. The first area represents peri-urban agriculture, which is facing rapid urbanization and experiencing a high rate of ALC. The second area represents rural agriculture, with zero ALC. Furthermore, we identified factors affecting LEV in both areas for both uses. The results of this study show that agricultural land yielded a higher economic benefit in rural areas. Conversely, compared to agricultural land, housing in urban areas yields a value that is seven times higher. Moreover, agricultural land was shown to yield a higher profit after conversion. Ironically, a similar comparison does not exist in rural areas. Agricultural land yielded a value that was only 19% higher, indicating that agricultural land can easily be converted. This is also proven by the growing number of new urban cores in the periphery area. There are several factors affecting land economic value, such as agricultural use, soil fertility, accessibility, and cropping pattern, which are important variables. Meanwhile, the accessibility and location of peri-urban areas increase the land value for housing.
Journal Article
The influence of land fragmentation on land transfer rent: Evidence from farmers in Guangdong Province
In order to further study the comprehensive benefits of land fragmentation transfer on agricultural operations and determine whether the current fragmentation problem is the core reason for low land circulation efficiency, this study used the survey data of 11 counties in Guangdong Province to assess the real impact of land fragmentation characteristics on rents under current conditions, and obtained the results through empirical testing. The basic conclusion of this paper is that farmers prefer large plots: the larger the plot area, the higher the rent per mu. At the same time, the implementation of “land ownership confirmation” may solidify the situation of land fragmentation. This result means that the negative effect of fragmentation on land use efficiency is great, and solving the fragmentation problem should be the main research direction of land related problems in the future.
Journal Article
The hidden taxable capacity of land: enough and to spare
Purpose - A tax based on land value is in many ways ideal, but many economists dismiss it by assuming it could not raise enough revenue. Standard sources of data omit much of the potential tax base, and undervalue what they do measure. The purpose of this paper is to present more comprehensive and accurate measures of land rents and values, and several modes of raising revenues from them besides the conventional property tax.Design methodology approach - The paper identifies 16 elements of land's taxable capacity that received authorities either trivialize or omit. These 16 elements come in four groups.Findings - In Group A, Elements 1-4 correct for the downward bias in standard sources. In Group B, Elements 5-10 broaden the concepts of land and rent beyond the conventional narrow perception, while Elements 11-12 estimate rents to be gained by abating other kinds of taxes. In Group C, Elements 13-14 explain how using the land tax, since it has no excess burden, uncaps feasible tax rates. In Group D, Elements 15-16 define some moot possibilities that may warrant further exploration.Originality value - This paper shows how previous estimates of rent and land values have been narrowly limited to a fraction of the whole, thus giving a false impression that the tax capacity is low. The paper adds 14 elements to the traditional narrow \"single tax\" base, plus two moot elements advanced for future consideration. Any one of these 16 elements indicates a much higher land tax base than economists commonly recognize today. Taken together they are overwhelming, and cast an entirely new light on this subject.
Journal Article
From Soil to Servers: Persistent Neglect of Land Resources and Its Looming Repetition for Users in the Digital Age
For well over a century, unresolved ambiguities in defining land as a finite, non-renewable resource have often facilitated rent-seeking and shaped inequitable distributions of wealth derived from nature and collective contributions. In the absence of clear conceptual and legal distinctions between land’s intrinsic worth and the incremental value conferred by human-made improvements, communities and ecosystems were frequently denied their rightful share, thereby influencing inequitable economic, social, and environmental trajectories. Though not universal, these historical patterns now reemerge in “digital land” platforms, where data, user engagement, and communal knowledge are likewise subject to private appropriation. By bridging these classical land debates with emerging forms of digital exploitation, this article offers a novel theoretical framework that reveals how unresolved land-valuation ambiguities reappear in user-generated data ecosystems. Without robust conceptual frameworks and effective regulatory oversight, such digital spheres risk replicating the exploitative logic once attached to physical land. By clarifying these parallels, this article underscores the urgent need for well-informed governance inspired by past land policy debates—particularly those focused on equity, transparency, and sustainability. Ensuring that resource management, whether rooted in soil or servers, consistently adheres to principles of fairness and shared prosperity is essential to avert new forms of unregulated extraction and to advance more inclusive, sustainable development.
Journal Article
Spatial Development
We present a theory of spatial development. Manufacturing and services firms located in a continuous geographic area choose each period how much to innovate. Firms trade subject to transport costs and technology diffuses spatially. We apply the model to study the evolution of the US economy in the last half-century and find that it can generate the reduction in the manufacturing employment share, the increased spatial concentration of services, the growth in service productivity starting in the mid-1990s, the rise in the dispersion of land rents in the same period, as well as several other spatial and temporal patterns.
Journal Article
Towards Equitable Compensation: Unraveling China’s Regional Comprehensive Land Price System from Legal Connotation to Practical Implementation
The Regional Comprehensive Land Price System (RCLPS) in China serves as the compensation standard for land expropriation, as established by the new Land Management Law in 2019. Its primary objectives include safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of expropriated landowners and promoting social fairness and justice—critical components for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 10. Despite its significance, the existing literature lacks a comprehensive exploration of the RCLPS’s legal connotation and implementation challenges. This study first analyzes the research background and legal connotation of China’s RCLPS. It provides a comprehensive compensation standard for land expropriation, aiming to ensure consistent compensation levels within the same “expropriated districts”. Then, an empirical study examines the practical implementation of the RCLPS in Wuhan City, China. Through a comparative analysis of the 2020 Regional Comprehensive Land Price (RCLP) and state-owned land transfer fees in Wuhan, several deficiencies in the city’s RCLPS are identified. First, the distribution of land value-added benefits lacks reasonableness. Second, the district-level delineation of “expropriated districts” inadequately captures variations in land value. From a sustainable development perspective, specific countermeasures can be proposed, including re-evaluating the allocation of land value-added benefits and incorporating them into the RCLP assessment. Additionally, enhancing the precision in delineating “expropriated districts” within the administrative region is necessary. This study provides valuable guidance for achieving equitable compensation in land expropriation and improving the RCLPS.
Journal Article