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Background: Sustaining an injury as an adolescent cricketer can lead to poor performance, an increased risk of injury recurrence, and premature retirement from sports. The incidence and prevalence rate of injuries in adolescent male cricketers from South Africa range from 27% to 81%. However, the injury rate in adolescent female cricketers is unknown. Objectives: This non-experimental survey aimed to determine the incidence and prevalence of injury in adolescent female cricketers in a high school league in the Gauteng province of South Africa. Methods: There were 25 participants aged between 14 and 17 years (mean 15.9 ±1.2). The demographics and injury history were recorded using a questionnaire. The incidence and prevalence of injury per 100 match days were calculated. Results: Twenty-four injuries were recorded (14 new and 10 recurrent injuries). The overall incidence was 0.30 injuries per 100 match days. There were 0.24 non-time-loss injuries and 0.05 time-loss injuries per 100 match days. The injury prevalence was 3.5%. Injuries to the hand (0.06 injuries per 100 match days) and thigh (0.05 injuries per 100 match days) were the most common. Conclusion: The incidence and prevalence of injury in adolescent female cricketers were consistent with international research on elite female cricketers, with the hand and lower limbs remaining at significant risk of injury. It is recommended that future studies focus on investigating prevention strategies for hand and lower limb injuries in female cricketers.. Antecedentes: Sufrir una lesión como jugadora adolescente de críquet puede conducir a un bajo rendimiento, un mayor riesgo de recurrencia de la lesión y a una retirada prematura del deporte. La incidencia y prevalencia de lesiones en jugadores adolescentes masculinos de críquet en Sudáfrica oscila entre el 27% y el 81%. Sin embargo, se desconoce la tasa de lesiones en jugadoras adolescentes de críquet. Objetivos: Esta encuesta no experimental tuvo como objetivo determinar la incidencia y prevalencia de lesiones en jugadoras adolescentes de críquet que participan en una liga escolar en la provincia de Gauteng, Sudáfrica. Métodos: Participaron 25 jugadoras con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 17 años (media 15,9 ± 1,2). Los datos demográficos y el historial de lesiones se registraron mediante un cuestionario. Se calcularon la incidencia y la prevalencia de lesiones por cada 100 días de partido. Resultados: Se registraron veinticuatro lesiones (14 nuevas y 10 recurrentes). La incidencia general fue de 0,30 lesiones por cada 100 días de partido. Se observaron 0,24 lesiones sin pérdida de tiempo y 0,05 lesiones con pérdida de tiempo por cada 100 días de partido. La prevalencia de lesiones fue del 3,5%. Las lesiones en la mano (0,06 por cada 100 días de partido) y en el muslo (0,05 por cada 100 días de partido) fueron las más frecuentes. Conclusión: La incidencia y prevalencia de lesiones en jugadoras adolescentes de críquet fueron consistentes con la investigación internacional sobre jugadoras de críquet de élite, siendo la mano y los miembros inferiores las zonas con mayor riesgo de lesión. Se recomienda que estudios futuros se centren en investigar estrategias de prevención de lesiones en la mano y en los miembros inferiores en jugadoras de críquet. Contexto: Sofrer uma lesão na adolescência como jogador de críquete pode levar a um mau desempenho, aumento do risco de recorrência da lesão e reforma antecipada do desporto. A incidência e a prevalência de lesões em jogadores de críquete adolescentes do sexo masculino na África do Sul variam entre 27% e 81%. No entanto, a taxa de lesões em jogadoras de críquete adolescentes é desconhecida. Objectivos: Este estudo não experimental teve como objectivo determinar a incidência e a prevalência de lesões em adolescentes jogadoras de críquete que participam numa liga escolar na província de Gauteng, África do Sul. Métodos: Vinte e cinco jogadoras com idades compreendidas entre os 14 e os 17 anos (média de 15,9 ± 1,2) participaram no estudo. Os dados demográficos e o histórico de lesões foram recolhidos por meio de um questionário. A incidência e a prevalência de lesões foram calculadas por 100 dias de jogo. Resultados: Foram registadas 24 lesões (14 novas e 10 recorrentes). A incidência global foi de 0,30 lesões por 100 dias de jogo. Foram registadas 0,24 lesões sem afastamento do jogo e 0,05 lesões com afastamento do jogo por 100 dias de jogo. A prevalência de lesões foi de 3,5%. As lesões nas mãos (0,06 por 100 dias de jogo) e nas coxas (0,05 por 100 dias de jogo) foram as mais frequentes. Conclusão: A incidência e a prevalência de lesões em jogadoras de críquete adolescentes foram consistentes com a investigação internacional sobre jogadoras de críquete de elite, sendo as mãos e os membros inferiores as áreas de maior risco de lesão. Estudos futuros devem focar-se na investigação de estratégias de prevenção de lesões nas mãos e nos membros inferiores em jogadoras de críquete.

Introduction: Infrared thermography (IT) is an imaging technique that detects heat radiation emitted by an object and collects it to convert it into temperature values. In sports, it is used to identify damage to musculoskeletal structures based on the variation of body temperature in affected anatomical areas. Objective: To assess the effectiveness of IT as a tool to detect damaged muscles after running a marathon. Materials and methods: 17 runners were assessed before and after running a marathon (42.196 km) using thermographic equipment. Results: Statistically significant temperature differences were found before and after running a marathon. There was a difference between previous and posterior measurement >1°C in the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris and adductor of the dominant leg, which, based on clinical parameters, indicates damage in these muscles. Increases in temperature were heterogeneous among anatomical areas. Conclusions: IT is an effective tool for detecting damaged muscle areas in runners after participating in a marathon.

Introduction. Handball is a high-intensity sport that imposes asymmetric loads on the lower limbs, especially in movements such as jumping and feinting. Objective: This study aimed to identify asymmetries and assess the effect of a 12-week strength and power training program on the jumping ability of junior players of the Chilean handball team.Methodology: With a quasi-experimental design, strength and plyometric exercises were ap-plied in 12 microcycles. Each week included three 90-minute sessions before the technical-tac-tical training. 16 male junior players participated, with an average age of 20.6 ± 1.9 years, weight of 84.9 ± 8.4 kg and height of 183.8 ± 5.1 cm, and an average handball experience of 9 ± 2 years. The performance tests included squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), from 30 cm and unipodal abalakov (ABK), using the “My Jump 2” application. Results: The results showed a significant increase injump height in all tests (p < .05), with im-provements between 12% and 17% in SJ, ABK, CMJ and DJ. Body mass varied by 10% between initial and final assessments.Discussión: Although there were no significant differences in initial and final asymmetries, a reduction in strength and power disparities was observed after the program, improving jump height performance. Conclusions: The training program slightly reduced asymmetries and led to significant im-provements in bipodal jumping ability in young handball players. Introducción. El balonmano es un deporte de alta intensidad que impone cargas asimétricas en las extremidades inferiores, especialmente en movimientos como el salto y la finta. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar asimetrías y evaluar el efecto de un pro-grama de entrenamiento de fuerza y potencia de 12 semanas en la capacidad de salto de juga-dores junior de la selección chilena de balonmano. Metodología: Con un diseño cuasi-experimental, se aplicaron ejercicios de fuerza y pliometría en 12 micro ciclos. Cada semana incluyó tres sesiones de 90 minutos antes del entrenamiento técnico-táctico. Participaron 16 jugadores masculinos de categoría junior, con una edad promedio de 20.6 ± 1.9 años, peso de 84.9 ± 8.4 kg y altura de 183.8 ± 5.1 cm, y una experiencia pro-medio de 9 ± 2 años en balonmano. Las pruebas de rendimiento incluyeron squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ) desde30 cm y abalakov (ABK) unipodal, utilizando la aplicación “My Jump 2”.Resultados: Los resultados mostraron un aumento significativo en la altura de salto en todas las pruebas (p < .05), con mejoras entre el 12% y 17% en SJ, ABK, CMJ y DJ. La masa corporal varió un 10% entre las evaluaciones inicial y final. Discusión: Aunque no hubo diferencias significativas en asimetrías iniciales y finales, se observó una reducción en las disparidades de fuerza y potencia tras el programa, mejorando el rendimiento en altura de salto. Conclusiones: El programa de entrenamiento disminuyó levemente las asimetrías y generó mejoras significativas en la capacidad de salto bipodal en jugadores jóvenes de balonmano.

Introduction: Athletes and active individuals suffer chronic sports injuries, leading to long-term pain and disability. Digital health interventions (DHIs) can improve medication adherence and rehabilitation outcomes through reminders and progress tracking. Objective: Affecting whether a mobile application with a wearable device can increase medication adherence, pain management, rehabilitation progress and quality of life in individuals suffering from chronic sports injuries. Methods: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted with 200 participants. The intervention group used the DHI, while the control group received standard care. Medication adherence, pain scores, associated rehabilitation progress (DASH scale), and quality of life (SF-36) were the data collected at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Results: The intervention groups showed significant improvements in medication adherence rate (85.2 vs. 62.1, (p < 0.001), pain reduction (3.2 vs. 5.0 on VAS, (p < 0.001), rehabilitation progress (−22.5 vs. −12.3 on DASH, (p < 0.001) versus the interventions group after the intervention. In the intervencion group, quality of life also greatly improved (22.4 vs. 12.3, p<0,001). Conclusion: DHIs significantly improve medication adherence, pain management, rehabilitation progress, and quality of life in individuals with chronic sports injuries, suggesting their potential for broader clinical application in rehabilitation settings.

Introduction: Acromioclavicular dislocation (AD) is a frequent and disabling injury. Depending on its type on the Rockwood classification, treatment may be conservative (I-II) or surgical (III-VI), although there is still no gold standard in terms of surgical technique. Objectives: To compare the functional outcomes and the level of patient satisfaction with the cosmetic outcome of three surgical techniques for AD treatment. Materials and methods: Retrospective comparative observational study conducted in 90 adult patients with AD (type III and V), who underwent surgery between January 2013 and August 2023 in four hospitals of Trujillo (Peru) with one of the following techniques: double sutures with bra strap incision (DS; n=30), hook plate (HP; n=30), and modified Phemister (MP; n=30). Questionnaires used to obtain information on functional outcomes and level of satisfaction with the cosmetic outcome were administered starting at the third postoperative month. Bivariate analyses were performed for comparisons between groups (KrusKall-Wallis and Chi-square tests), with a significance level of p<0.05. Results: The mean age of the patients was 42.41 years and 74.44% (n=67) were men. The Quick DASH questionnaire score was lower in the DS group (15.23±8.5) than in the other 2 groups (HP=17.64±10.4 and PM=25.96±6.7) (p=0.0002). Likewise, disability time (months) was shorter in the DS group (2.1±0.23) than in the other 2 groups (HP=4.66±1.22 and MP=2.93±1.18) (p=0.019). Finally, 61.11% of the patients reported being satisfied and totally satisfied with the cosmetic outcome, this proportion being higher with the DS technique (76.67%), followed by MP (60.00%), and HP (46.67%) (p<0.005). Conclusion: Among the three techniques evaluated, the DS technique showed better functional outcomes. Furthermore, the highest proportion of patients satisfied with the cosmetic outcome was found in the DS group. Introducción. La luxación acromioclavicular (LA) es una lesión frecuente e incapacitante. Dependiendo de su tipo según la clasificación de Rockwood, el tratamiento puede ser conservador (I-II) o quirúrgico (III-VI); sin embargo, aún no hay un estándar de oro en términos de la técnica quirúrgica. Objetivos. Comparar los resultados funcionales y el nivel de satisfacción de los pacientes con los resultados cosméticos de tres técnicas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de la LA. Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional comparativo retrospectivo realizado en 90 pacientes adultos con LA (tipo III y V) en los que se realizó manejo quirúrgico entre enero de 2013 y agosto de 2023 en cuatro hospitales de Trujillo (Perú) con una de las siguientes técnicas: dos suturas con incisión en correa de sujetador (DS; n=30), placa en gancho (PG; n=30) y Phemister modificada (PM; n=30). Los cuestionarios usados para obtener información sobre los resultados funcionales y el nivel de satisfacción con los resultados cosméticos se administraron a partir del tercer mes posoperatorio. Se realizaron análisis bivariados para realizar comparaciones entre grupos (pruebas de KrusKall-Wallis y Chi Cuadrado), con un nivel de significancia de p<0.05. Resultados. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue 42.41 años y 74.44% (n=67) eran hombres. El puntaje en el cuestionario Quick DASH fue más bajo en el grupo DS (15.23±8.5) que en las otras 2 técnicas (PG=17.64±10.4 y PM=25.96±6.7) (p=0.0002). Asimismo, el tiempo de discapacidad (meses) fue más corto en el grupo DS (2.1±0.23) que en los otros dos grupos (PG=4.66±1.22 y PM=2.93±1.18) (p=0.019). Finalmente, 61.11% de los pacientes refirieron estar satisfechos y totalmente satisfechos con los resultados cosméticos, siendo esta proporción más alta en la técnica DS (76.67%), seguida de PM (60.00%) y PG (46.67%) (p<0.005). Conclusión. De las tres técnicas evaluadas, la técnica DS mostró mejores resultados funcionales. Además, la proporción más alta de pacientes satisfechos con los resultados cosméticos se observó en el grupo DS.

  Objective: The hamstring muscles in soccer are the region with the highest percentage of muscle injuries, due to numerous risk factors, including isometric strength levels. In this way, the aim is to know and establish a strength profile in this musculature in elite Asian players. Method: During the first part of the preseason, an elite soccer team (N=46 players) belonging to the AFC Champions League underwent isometric hamstring strength assessment at 30º and 90º, using a dynamometry device ( ForceFrame ®, Valdperformace). Results: Among the results obtained, an average profile in Isometric Force (N) at 30º of 268 N (+- 46.4), an average profile of Isometric Force (N) at 90º of 206 N (+- 42.1) is observed. ), a bilateral asymmetry (%) at 30º of 2.23% (+- 12.2) and a bilateral asymmetry (%) at 90º of 6.46% (+- 15.9). Regarding the correlation between measured variables, a moderate positive correlation (0.732, p=0,001) is observed between the average of bilateral Isometric Strength (N) at 30º and at 90º. Conclusions: In light of the results obtained, it is observed that the players in the present sample present higher levels of isometric strength at 30º than at 90º, nevertheless presenting higher % of bilateral asymmetry at 90º compared to 30º. Keywords: Neuromuscular, Hamstring, injuries, Strength, Isometric

This narrative review aims to highlight the effect of the Ketogenic diet on aerobic and anaerobic athletic performance. This paper adopts a narrative approach exposing the results of approximately 40 earlier studies to define the scope of applying the ketogenic diet as a nutritional therapy, aiming to aid recovery from fatigue or muscle damage caused by exercise and to increase aerobic and anaerobic performance. A ketogenic diet appears better suited for lower-intensity physical activities conducted in a balanced or moderate state of energy demand. However, there is a lack of consensus on its compatibility with strength exercises that require maximal bursts of energy. These investigations should explore its effects on performance, health, and body composition compared to other dietary approaches. Ultimately, a better understanding of the ketogenic diet's benefits and limitations will help athletes and individuals make informed decisions about its adoption for optimizing their health and athletic goals. Keywords: Injuries, ketogenic, ketosis, aerobic exercises, anaerobic exercises, muscle damage

Introduction: Possible risk factors, such as gender, age, type of discipline, and category of impairment, are associated as indicators of higher incidence rates (IR) and injury characteristics in athletic athletes. Objective: To provide deeper information about the incidence rate (IR) and injury characteristics in the Indonesian athletics team at the ASEAN Paragames Cambodia 2023. Methodology: This research employs a retrospective study methodology in conjunction with an observational approach. Comprehensive athlete demographic data were obtained from the National Paralympic Committee Indonesia (NPC Indonesia). Injury-related data were obtained from a database by a medical team that provided treatment for their respective sports, using a recording system created by the medical team. Results: 86.8 injuries per 1000 athlete days was the overall injury rate. The IR did not significantly differ between tracks (IR, 112.55) and field (IR, 61.22). Discussion: Athletes using assistive devices have the potential to experience injuries to the lower limbs, although athletes with limb deficiency may face lower risk levels compared to athletes from other ambulation impairment categories. Athletes using wheelchairs who participate in throws have a high risk of experiencing injuries in the shoulder area. Conclusions: Injuries in athletes with assistive devices occur more frequently in the thigh, and shoulder injuries in wheelchair athletes. The type of impairment an athlete has and the sport they play affect the frequency and location of biomechanical injuries. Introducción: Posibles factores de riesgo, como el género, la edad, el tipo de disciplina y la categoría de discapacidad, se asocian como indicadores de tasas de incidencia (TI) más altas y características de las lesiones en atletas.  Objetivo: Proporcionar información más detallada sobre la TI y las características de las lesiones en el equipo de atletismo de Indonesia en los Juegos Paralímpicos de la ASEAN Camboya 2023.  Metodología: Este estudio utiliza un enfoque observacional con un método de estudio retrospectivo. Los datos demográficos completos de los atletas se obtuvieron del Comité Paralímpico Nacional de Indonesia (CPN Indonesia). Los datos relacionados con las lesiones se obtuvieron de una base de datos por un equipo médico que brindó tratamiento en sus respectivos deportes, utilizando un sistema de registro creado por el equipo médico.  Resultados: La TI general fue de 86,8 lesiones por cada 1000 días-atleta. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la TI entre la pista (TI: 112,55) y el campo (TI: 61,22). Discusión: Los atletas que utilizan dispositivos de asistencia tienen el potencial de sufrir lesiones en las extremidades inferiores, aunque los atletas con deficiencias en las extremidades pueden enfrentar niveles de riesgo menores en comparación con los atletas con otras categorías de discapacidad para la deambulación. Los deportistas que realizan deporte en silla de ruedas corren un elevado riesgo de padecer lesiones en la región del hombro.  Conclusiones: Las lesiones en atletas con dispositivos de asistencia ocurren con mayor frecuencia en el muslo, y en los atletas en silla de ruedas, en el hombro. La incidencia y el lugar de las lesiones biomecánicas difieren dependiendo del tipo de discapacidad del deportista y el deporte que practica. Introdução: Os possíveis fatores de risco, como o género, a idade, o tipo de disciplina e a categoria de incapacidade, estão associados como indicadores de taxas de incidência (TI) mais elevadas e características das lesões em atletas. Objectivo: Fornecer informações mais detalhadas sobre o TI e as características das lesões na equipa de atletismo da Indonésia nos Jogos Paralímpicos da ASEAN Camboya 2023. Metodologia: Este estudo utiliza uma abordagem observacional com um método de estudo retrospetivo. Os dados demográficos completos dos atletas foram obtidos pelo Comité Paralímpico Nacional da Indonésia (CPN Indonésia). Os dados relativos às lesões foram obtidos a partir de uma base de dados por uma equipa médica que recebeu tratamento nos respetivos desportos, utilizando um sistema de registo criado pela equipa médica. Resultados: O IT global foi de 86,8 lesões por cada 1000 dias-atleta. Não se observam diferenças significativas no TI entre a pista (TI: 112,55) e o campo (TI: 61,22). Discussão: Os atletas que utilizam dispositivos de assistência têm o potencial de sofrer lesões nas extremidades inferiores, embora os atletas com deficiências nas extremidades possam enfrentar níveis de risco mais baixos em comparação com os atletas com outras categorias de incapacidade para a marcha. Os deportistas que praticam desporto em cadeiras de rodas correm um elevado risco de lesões na zona do ombro. Conclusões: As lesões em atletas com dispositivos de assistência ocorrem com maior frequência no músculo, e em atletas em cadeira de rodas, no ombro. A incidência e o local das lesões biomecânicas diferem consoante o tipo de incapacidade do deportista e o desporto que pratica.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of muscle fatigue on the biomechanics of joint range of motion (ROM) in badminton athletes through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Muscle fatigue can affect athletic performance, particularly in dy-namic movements such as lunges and smashes. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method and PRISMA, this study identified and analyzed 9 scientific articles from the Scopus and WoS databases published between 2019 and 2024. Meta-analysis was conducted by calculating the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) and the 95% confidence interval (95% CI). The results showed that ROM in the hip joint significantly decreased after fatigue, with an SMD of -0.56 (95% CI: -0.76 to -0.36), which increases the risk ofadductor and abductor injuries. On the other hand, ankle ROM showed no significant changes between pre-fatigue and post-fatigue conditions (SMD = 0.06, 95% CI: -0.13 to 0.25). For the knee joint, significant heterogeneity was found among studies with an I² value of 52% and an overall SMD of -0.01 (95% CI: -0.28 to 0.26), indicating that the effect of fatigue on knee ROM was inconsistent. This study concludes that muscle fatigue plays a crucial role in biomechanical changes that may increase the risk of injury in badminton athletes. Coaches are advised to implement interventions such as dynamic stretching and foam rolling to reduce muscle stiffness and maintain optimal ROM during matches. This study provides a critical scientific basis for developing evidence-based injury prevention programs.Keywords: Muscle fatigue, biomechanics, range of motion (ROM), badminton, injury prevention. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar el impacto de la fatiga muscular en la biomecánica del rango de movimiento articular (ROM) en atletas de bádminton a través de una revisión sistemática de la literatura y un metanálisis. La fatiga muscular puede afectar el rendimiento deportivo, particularmente en movimientos dinámicos como los desplantes y los remates. Utilizando el método de Revisión Sistemática de la Literatura (SLR) y PRISMA, este estudio identificó y analizó 9 artículos científicos de las bases de datos Scopus y WoS publicados entre 2019 y 2024. Se realizó un metanálisis calculando la Diferencia de Media Estandarizada (DME) y el intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC del 95%). Los resultados mostraron que el ROM en la articulación de la cadera disminuyó significativamente después de la fatiga, con una DME de -0.56 (IC del 95%: -0.76 a -0.36), lo que aumenta el riesgo de lesiones en los músculos aductores y abductores. Por otro lado, el ROM del tobillo no mostró cambios significativos entre las condiciones de pre-fatiga y post-fatiga (DME = 0.06, IC del 95%: -0.13 a 0.25). Para la articulación de la rodilla, se encontró una heterogeneidad significativa entre los estudios con un valor de I² del 52% y una DME general de -0.01 (IC del 95%: -0.28 a0.26), lo que indica que el efecto de la fatiga en el ROM de la rodilla fue inconsistente. Este estudio concluye que la fatiga muscular juega un papel crucial en los cambios biomecánicos que pueden aumentar el riesgo de lesiones en atletas de bádminton. Se recomienda a los entrenadores implementar intervenciones como estiramientos dinámicos y rodillos de espuma para reducir la rigidez muscular y mantener un ROM óptimo durante los partidos. Este estudio proporciona una base científica crítica para el desarrollo de programas de prevención de lesiones basados en evidencia

Objective: This study employed an innovative method to determine lower limb asymmetries using countermovement jumps, force platforms, and a kinematic system with 30 reflective markers. Methods: The sample included three doctoral students with an average age of 42.3 ± 15 years. The corresponding number of data points analyzed for each participant was: Subject 1 (n = 3669), Subject 2 (n = 3344), and Subject 3 (n = 3584). According to the impulse (IM) and landing (LA) phases, the data were distributed as follows: Subject 1 (IM: n = 2000; LA: n = 1669), Subject 2 (IM: n = 1891; LA: n = 1693), and Subject 3 (IM: n = 2102: LA: n = 1246). Force platforms recorded data during the impulse and landing phases, while the asymmetry index was calculated as the difference between the right and left leg, divided by the right leg value, and multiplied by one hundred. Results: The analyses showed significant differences between the right and left legs (p < 0.001), with an asymmetry index ranging from 5.07% to 14.22%. The effect size was moderate to large (0.59 to 0.85). Significant differences were also found between the impulse and landing phases (p < 0.001), except in one case (p = 0.069), with effect sizes ranging from trivial to large (0.37 to 0.99). Conclusions: The results indicate that this method provides valuable insights into lower limb asymmetries, potentially aiding in the detection of imbalances between the dominant and non-dominant sides before and after the flight phase, particularly in sports requiring explosive movements. Although the sample was limited, the findings highlight the importance of regularly monitoring asymmetries in both athletic and at-risk populations. This study also emphasizes the need for standardized protocols to assess asymmetries, contributing to improved injury prevention strategies.