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Introduction: Hematological changes associated with high-intensity physical exercise remain controversial. Objective: To compare hematological responses between practitioners and sedentary volunteers following a high-intensity resistance exercise (RE) session. Methodology: Twenty-four healthy men participated in the study (pre–post with non-randomized parallel groups), including 14 sedentary (SG) individuals and 10 bodybuilding practitioners (+3x per week) for more than six months (PG). The 10RM test (leg extension, squat, and leg press) was used to determine the training load. The exercise session consisted of four sets of 10RM for each exercise, with 1-minute rest intervals between sets and 2 minutes between exercises. Blood samples were collected before and immediately (0min) after the RE session for erythrogram and leukogram analyses (absolute values and relative values [%]). Results: RE increased the absolute values of the variables analyzed in both groups. Neutrophil counts were 13% (95%CI: 5 to 20%) higher in the PG before exercise, but similar post-exercise. After RE, monocyte counts were 2.4% (95%CI: 1.1 to 3.9%) higher in the PG. Lymphocyte levels in the PG were lower both before (DM: -13; IC95%: -6 to -20%) and after (DM: -8; IC95%: -1 to -14%) RE. Conclusions: Practitioners exhibit greater neutrophil and monocyte reactivity following an RE session, but demonstrate residual lymphopenia associated with regular training. Introducción: Los cambios hematológicos asociados al ejercicio físico de alta intensidad siguen siendo controvertidos. Objetivo: Comparar las respuestas hematológicas entre practicantes y sedentarios tras una sesión de ejercicio de resistencia (ER) de alta intensidad. Metodología: Veinticuatro hombres sanos participaron en el estudio (pre–post con grupos paralelos no aleatorizados), incluyendo 14 individuos sedentarios (SG) y 10 practicantes de culturismo (+3x por semana), durante más de seis meses (PG). Se utilizó la prueba de 10RM (extensión de piernas, sentadilla y prensa de piernas) para determinar la carga de entrenamiento. La sesión de ejercicio consistió en cuatro series de 10RM para cada ejercicio, con intervalos de descanso de 1 minuto entre series y 2 minutos entre ejercicios. Se recogieron muestras de sangre antes e inmediatamente (0min) después de la sesión de ER para analizar eritrogramas y leucogramas (valores absolutos y relativos [%]). Resultados: El ER incrementó los valores absolutos de las variables analizadas en ambos grupos. El recuento de neutrófilos fue 13% (IC95%: 5 a 20%) mayor en el PG antes del ER, pero fue similar después del ejercicio. Tras el ejercicio, el recuento de monocitos fue 2,4% mayor en el PG (IC95 %: 1,1 a 3,9%). Los niveles de linfocitos en el PG fueron menores tanto antes del ejercicio (MD: -13; IC95%: -6,7 a -19,5%) como después (MD: -7,5; IC95%: -1,1 a -13,8%). Conclusiones: Los practicantes presentan una mayor reactividad de neutrófilos y monocitos tras una sesión de ejercicio físico, pero presentan linfopenia residual asociada al entrenamiento regular. Introdução: As alterações hematológicas associadas ao exercício físico de alta intensidade permanecem controversas. Objectivo: Comparar as respostas hematológicas entre praticantes de exercício físico e indivíduos sedentários após uma sessão de exercício resistido (ER) de alta intensidade. Metodologia: Vinte e quatro homens saudáveis ​​participaram no estudo (pré-pós, paralelo, grupo não randomizado), incluindo 14 indivíduos sedentários (GS) e 10 culturistas (mais de 3 vezes por semana), com mais de seis meses de prática (PG). O teste de 10RM (extensão de pernas, agachamento e leg press) foi utilizado para determinar a carga de treino. A sessão de exercício consistiu em quatro séries de 10RM para cada exercício, com intervalos de descanso de 1 minuto entre séries e de 2 minutos entre exercícios. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue antes e imediatamente (0 min) após a sessão de ER para análise da contagem de eritrócitos e leucócitos (valores absolutos e relativos [%]). Resultados: O exercício aumentou os valores absolutos das variáveis ​​analisadas em ambos os grupos. A contagem de neutrófilos foi 13% (IC 95%: 5 a 20%) mais elevada no grupo antes do exercício, mas foi semelhante após o exercício. Após o exercício, a contagem de monócitos foi 2,4% superior no grupo (IC 95%: 1,1 a 3,9%). Os níveis de linfócitos no grupo foram mais baixos tanto antes do exercício (DM: -13; IC 95%: -6,7 a -19,5%) como depois (DM: -7,5; IC 95%: -1,1 a -13,8%). Conclusões: Os indivíduos que praticam exercício físico apresentam maior reatividade dos neutrófilos e monócitos após uma sessão de exercício, mas apresentam linfopenia residual associada ao treino regular.

Background: Bovine papillomatosis represents a condition with significant economic implications in dairy farming. Papillomavirus induces benign tumors that can progress to cancer. Autogenous vaccination (ATV) and self-blood vaccination (AHV) are particularly interesting therapeutic strategies for treating cutaneous papilloma resulting from bovine papillomavirus (BPV). Objective: To investigate the immunological effects of AHV and ATV in cattle in Ecuador. Methods: One hundred fifty animals with clinical symptoms of BPV were diagnosed using PCR and distributed among different groups. To create the vaccines, a total of 50 animals were used in the AHV protocol (n = 25) with 20 mL and (n = 25) with 10 mL blood doses administered to them. In the ATV protocol another 50 animals were used, (n = 25) animals with 10 mL and (n = 25) with 20 mL. The vaccines were stored at 4°C until use. Vaccines (AHV and ATV) were administered subcutaneously four times at one-week intervals at 20 and 10-mL dosages, respectively. Hematological and immunological analyses involved the collection of blood samples both before and after each vaccination. The remaining subjects (n = 50) functioned as the positive control group (C). Results: A significant increase was observed in leukocyte count (14.5; 14; 15.4; 16 x 10^3/mm^3), lymphocyte percentage (55; 52; 58; 62%), and interleukin-6 levels (0.85; 0.80; 0.95; 0.97 ng/L) in both ATV at 10 and 20 mL doses and AHV at 10 and 20 mL doses compared to the positive control (C) group (Leu: 13 x 10^3/mm^3; Lym: 50%; IL-6: 0.54 ng/L). Notably, neutrophil (33; 35; 44; 40%) and monocyte (5; 8; 12; 13%) percentages also increased in AHV and ATV. Within the first month post-vaccination, both AHV and ATV exhibited signs of regression in cutaneous papilloma. Conclusion: This study underscores autogenous vaccination as a practical therapeutic approach, demonstrating its effectiveness in inducing lesion regression in cattle infected with papillomavirus. This effect occurs especially by stimulating the production of IL-6 and lymphocytes. Antecedentes: A papilomatose bovina representa uma condição de considerável importância econômica na pecuária leiteira. O papilomavírus é conhecido por induzir o desenvolvimento de tumores benignos nos hospedeiros, que podem progredir para cânceres malignos. Existem diversas abordagens terapêuticas para tratar a papilomatose cutânea resultante do vírus da papilomatose bovina (BPV), e a auto-hemovacina (AHV) e a vacina autógena (ATV) destacam-se entre elas. Objetivo: Examinar os efeitos imunológicos da AHV e da ATVem bovinos no Equador. Métodos: Foram diagnosticados 150 bovinos com sintomas de papilomatose cutânea por PCR e distribuídos em diferentes grupos. Para criar as vacinas, um total de 50 animais foi utilizado no protocolo AHV, sendo n=25 com doses de 20 mL e n=25 com doses de 10 mL de sangue. No protocolo ATV, foram utilizados outros 50 animais, sendo n=25 com 10 mL e n=25 com 20 mL. As vacinas foram armazenadas a 4°C até o uso. As vacinas (AHV e ATV) foram administradas quatro vezes de forma subcutânea, com intervalos de uma semana, em doses de 20 e 10 mL, respectivamente, para cada grupo de tratamento. Foram realizadas análises hematológicas e imunológicas, com coleta de amostras de sangue antes e depois de cada vacinação. Resultados: Os resultados demonstraram, nos grupos ATV (10 e 20 mL) e AHV (10 e 20 mL), um aumento notável no número de leucócitos (14,5; 14; 15,4; 16 × 10³/mm³), linfócitos (55; 52; 58; 62%), interleucina-6 (0,85; 0,80; 0,95; 0,97 ng/L), neutrófilos (33; 35; 44; 40%) e monócitos (5; 8; 12; 13%) em comparação com o grupo controle positivo (C+) (Leu: 13 × 10³/mm³; Lym: 50%; IL-6: 0,54 ng/L; Neu: 34%; Mon: 6,5%). Nas vacinas AHV e ATV no primeiro mês após a vacinação, observaram-se sintomas clínicos de regressão dos papilomas cutâneos. Conclusão: O estudo destaca a vacinação autógena como uma intervenção terapêutica prática e eficaz, que promove efetivamente a regressão das lesões, especialmente mediante a estimulação da produção de IL-6 e linfócitos em bovinos infectados com papilomavírus. Antecedentes: La papilomatosis bovina representa una condición de considerable importancia económica en la ganadería lechera. El papillomavirus induce tumores benignos que pueden progresar hasta cáncer. Entre los diversos enfoques terapéuticos existentes para tratar la papilomatosis cutánea resultante del virus de la papilomatosis bovina (VPB) se destacan la autohemovacuna (AHV) y la vacuna autógena (ATV). Objetivo: Examinar los efectos inmunológicos de AHV y ATV en el ganado bovino en Ecuador. Métodos: Se diagnosticaron 150 bovinos con síntomas de papilomatosis cutánea mediante PCR y se distribuyeron en diferentes grupos. Para crear las vacunas, se utilizaron un total de 50 animales en el protocolo AHV, n = 25 con dosis de 20 mL y n = 25 con dosis de 10 mL de sangre. En el protocolo ATV, se utilizaron otros 50 animales (n = 25 con 10 mL y n = 25 con 20 mL). Las vacunas se almacenaron a 4°C hasta su uso. Las vacunas (AHVy ATV) se administraron subcutáneamente cuatro veces con intervalos de una semana en dosis de 20 y 10 mL, respectivamente. Se realizaron análisis hematológicos e inmunológicos de muestras de sangre antes y después de cada vacunación. Resultados: Tanto en ATV (10 y 20 mL) como en AHV (10 y 20 mL) se observó un aumento de leucocitos (14.5; 14; 15.4; 16 x 10^3/mm^3), linfocitos (55; 52; 58; 62%), interleucina-6 (0.85; 0.80; 0.95; 0.97 ng/L), neutrófilos (33; 35; 44; 40%) y monocitos (5; 8; 12; 13%) en comparación con C+ (Leu: 13 x 10^3/mm^3; Lym: 50%; IL-6: 0.54 ng/L; Neu: 34%; Mon: 6.5%). Durante el primer mes después de la vacunación se observaron signos clínicos de regresión del papiloma cutáneo. Conclusiones: La vacunación autógena es una intervención terapéutica práctica y efectiva que promueve eficazmente la regresión de lesiones en bovinos infectados con papilomavirus. Este efecto se da especialmente mediante estimulación de la producción de IL-6 y linfocitos.

Introducción: la enfermedad de Pompe (EP) o glucogenosis tipo II es una enfermedad autosómica recesiva causada por mutaciones en el gen GAA que codifica para la proteína alfa-1,4-glucosidasa. Su deficiencia lleva a un almacenamiento anormal de glucógeno en los lisosomas de varias células, a través de los diferentes tejidos, lo que causa un compromiso musculoesquelético predominante. Contenidos: los fenotipos de la enfermedad dependen de las variantes genéticas y de los niveles de la actividad enzimática residual. La enfermedad se presenta como EP de inicio infantil, EP de inicio tardío y EP intermedio, por lo que es de suma importancia su diagnóstico temprano, por medio de estudios moleculares como la secuenciación de Sanger y la secuenciación de nueva generación. Conclusiones: se ha demostrado, mediante diferentes estudios, que las variaciones genéticas pueden diferir entre etnias, y es importante su caracterización molecular para determinar el tratamiento más adecuado, de acuerdo con el estado del material inmunológico de reacción cruzada (CRIM).

Nerve injury induced protein 1, Ninj1 (Ninjurin1) is a cell surface protein that is induced by nerve injury and promotes axonal growth in the peripheral nervous system. However, the function of Ninj1 in the vascular system and central nervous system (CNS) is incompletely understood. Here we review recent studies that have shed further light on the role and regulation of Ninj1 in vascular remodeling and inflammation. Increasing evidence suggests that Ninj1 mediates cell communication and enhances the entry, migration, and activity of leukocytes such as monocytes and macrophages in developmental processes and inflammatory responses. Moreover, our recent studies show that Ninj1 regulates close interaction between leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells in vascular remodeling and inflamed CNS. Additionally, Ninj1 enhances the apoptosis-inducing activity of leukocytes and is cleaved by MMPs, resulting in loss of adhesion during tissue remodeling. The collective data described here show that Ninj1 is required for the entry, adhesion, activation, and movement of leukocytes during tissue remodeling and might be a potential therapeutic target to regulate the adhesion and trafficking of leukocytes in inflammation and leukocyte-mediated diseases such as multiple sclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, and neuropathy.

A human-derived strain of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, a recently described emerging rickettsial disease, has been established by serial blood passage in mouse hosts. Larval deer ticks acquired infection by feeding upon such mice and efficiently transmitted the ehrlichiae after molting to nymphs, thereby demonstrating vector competence. The agent was detected by demonstrating Feulgen-positive inclusions in the salivary glands of the experimentally infected ticks and from field-derived adult deer ticks. White-footed mice from a field site infected laboratory-reared ticks with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, suggesting that these rodents serve as reservoirs for ehrlichiae as well as for Lyme disease spirochetes and the piroplasm that causes human babesiosis. About 10% of host-seeking deer ticks were infected with ehrlichiae, and of these, 20% also contained spirochetes. Cotransmission of diverse pathogens by the aggressively human-biting deer tick may have a unique impact on public health in certain endemic sites.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of heat stress (i.e., elevated ambient temperature - Ta: 36 deg C +/- 3 deg C) on growth performance, mortality rate, and on some haematological and biochemical parameters in different categories of gender and age of New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. Animals were divided into two main groups (control and treatment) of 56 rabbits each: adult females (n = 20), adult males (n = 4), growing females (n = 16), and growing males (n = 16). Total and daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and total and daily weight gains for growing NZW rabbits were affected negatively by elevated Ta. Decreases in feed intake led to lower body weight gains. These observations were made in growing and adult rabbits of both genders. Red blood cell counts showed alterations. Packed cell volume (in adult females and males), white blood cell counts (in growing females), lymphocytes (in growing males), monocytes (in growing females and adult males), basophils (in growing females and growing and adult males) were significantly decreased. Total proteins (in adult females), glucose (in adult females), and Ca2+ (in growing males and females) were significantly lower in the experimental group. Furthermore, elevated Ta increased the mortality rate in both age groups. The mortality rate was 30.36% for growing and adult rabbits of the experimental group, 7.14% for the control group, 25% for adult animals and 34.38% for growing experimental rabbits. Exposure of NZW rabbits of both ages and genders to elevated ambient temperature negatively affected their internal homeostasis which was reflected in their growth rate and physiology.

Objetivo. Determinar los valores leucocitarios, proteínas totales, fibrinógeno, albúmina y globulina en mulares sanos jóvenes pertenecientes a la Policía Nacional de Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se muestrearon 50 mulares sanos entre machos y hembras. Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre por venopunción yugular para el análisis de recuento total y diferencial de leucocitos, albúmina, globulina, y proteínas plasmáticas totales por medio de conteo en cámara de Neubauer, frotis sanguíneo y espectrofotometría. Los datos fueron analizados por estadística descriptiva, y se realizó un análisis comparativo con la media reportada para otros équidos utilizando la prueba de T-student (P<0,05) y la prueba de Wilcoxon. Se estableció una confiabilidad del 95% y un margen de error del 5%. Resultados. Los valores de leucocitos fueron: 11,32 ± 2,99 x 10⁹ células/μl Diferencial: Neutrófilos 5038,6 ± 2228,9 células/µl, Linfocitos: 5758 ± 1975,9 células/µl; monocitos 109,95 ± 156,9 células/µl, Relación N/L: 1,03 ± 0,66, Proteínas totales 7 ± 0,39 gr/dl, Albúmina 4,48 ± 0,18 gr/dl, globulina 2,51 ± 0,43 gr/dl, relación A/G 1,7 ± 0,71, fibrinógeno 206 ± 107,6. Conclusiones. Se encontraron diferencias de la media en el recuento de leucocitos totales, diferenciales y fibrinógeno, comparando con otros équidos; estos valores fueron más cercanos a los encontrados en burros catalanes jóvenes. Con otros mulares jóvenes no hubo diferencias en los valores de leucocitos, neutrófilos y linfocitos. Los valores medios de proteínas totales, albúmina y globulina, se encontraron muy cercanos a los valores reportados en equinos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la importancia de investigar los parámetros hematológicos en mulares de acuerdo con la raza, la edad y el manejo.

The polyopisthocotylean Sparicotyle chrysophrii was experimentally transmitted to gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) by exposure to eggs (EGT) and by cohabitation with naturally parasitized fish (CT). In EGT trials, the infection was successfully transmitted by introducing containers with monogenean eggs in the fish tanks, with the highest infection level (85.7% prevalence, 3.3 mean intensity) achieved at 6 weeks post exposure (p.e.) to the infection dose of 650 eggs per tank. In CT trials, the progression of the infection was faster and reached higher levels than in EGT. When using small fish juveniles (30 g) (CT-2), infection reached 100% prevalence (mean intensity 8 monogeneans/fish) at 5 weeks p.e., but no eggs could be found in the fish even 10 weeks p.e. By contrast, when larger juveniles (150 g) were used (CT-1), infection levels were lower, but mature adults with eggs were detected starting from 8 weeks p.e. The effect of the parasite on the condition factor, haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell counts, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular haemoglobin content (MCH) and mean cellular volume (MCV) of infected fi sh was studied in CT trials. The infection produced hypochromic anaemia, since Hb concentration significantly decreased at 5 and 10 weeks p.e. in CT-2 and at 8 weeks p.e. in CT-1. MCHC was significantly lower in parasitized than in control fish at 5 and 8 weeks p.e. in CT-2 and CT-1, respectively. Also in CT-1, MCH was lower and circulating immature erythrocytes, granulocytes and plasma cells were higher in infected fish than in control ones at 8 weeks p.e. The histopathological effects of the monogenean on the gills of naturally infected fish consisted of lamellar shortening, clubbing and synechiae. The proliferation of the epithelial tissue produced fusion of secondary lamellae, and abundant chloride cells were observed.

In order to establish the cutoff with prognostic implications for white blood cell count and age at diagnosis in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we conducted an observational, descriptive and analytical study nested in a retrospective cohort of patients with ALL treated by institutional protocol HGMLAL07 during 2007-2014. We study 255 patients, the 52.9% (n=135) were female and 47.1% (n=120) were male. The mean age was 31 (16-80) years-old. The disease-free survival (DFS) decreases in both genders after 20 years-old (p = 0.001). Leukocyte count average was 56.1 x 109/L (0.1-850 x 109/L). DFS decreases significantly from an equal or greater leukocyte count of 20 x 109/L (p<0.05). With this results, we can conclude that use foreign cutoff for age and leukocyte count could determine a bad prognosis stratification and a consequent suboptimal treatment.

Forty-four pregnant Carthusian broodmares were divided into three age Groups (A: 4-7 years, n=18; B: 8-12, n=15; C: 13-17, n=11) in order to evaluate the influence of age on the hematological characteristics. Jugular blood samples were taken every 14 days and data were pooled for each animal. The following hematological variables were determined: red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HB), hematocrit (HCT), volumetric indices, white blood cells (WBC) and platelets (PLT). Furthermore, the numbers and percentages of lymphocytes (LYMP), band (BNL) and total neutrophils (NL), eosinophils (EOS), monocytes (MON), basophils (BAS) and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (N/L) were counted on blood smears. Total serum protein concentrations (TSP) were also measured. The lower values of RBC, WBC, LYMP and PLT in the older broodmares (Group C) possibly reflected a decline in bone marrow activity. The lower RBC of these mares was compensated by an increased MCV. The higher NL values in Group C, both BNL and NL, could have represented subclinical infections, since these animals also presented the highest TSP. Likewise, the animals of Group C showed the highest EOS counts. This research demonstrated that ageing significantly influences the hematological values of Carthusian broodmares, with the most marked differences in mares older than 13 years and that these physiological variations must be taken into account in a clinical context.