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Pro-Copyright, Pro-AI: The Power of Collective Licensing
The aim of this Article is to showcase the emerging AI licensing solutions pioneered by RROs and to explore how these frameworks address the challenges posed by AI’s reliance on copyrighted works. The discussion begins with a primer on the structure and operation of collective management frameworks, highlighting their effectiveness in managing rights for secondary uses. Following this, the Article examines the necessity of licensing in the AI context, emphasizing why exceptions and limitations under current copyright regimes are insufficient to adequately address the complexities of AI training. This section underscores the limitations of existing legal frameworks and the potential harm to rightsholders if AI systems continue to use copyrighted works without appropriate permissions or compensation. Finally, the Article presents an analysis of the emerging licensing solutions tailored to AI, illustrating how these initiatives by RROs are not only meeting the demands of the AI market but are also paving the way for sustainable and equitable practices at the intersection of copyright and technology.
Journal Article
Clades of huge phages from across Earth’s ecosystems
Bacteriophages typically have small genomes
1
and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication
2
. Here we sequenced DNA from diverse ecosystems and found hundreds of phage genomes with lengths of more than 200 kilobases (kb), including a genome of 735 kb, which is—to our knowledge—the largest phage genome to be described to date. Thirty-five genomes were manually curated to completion (circular and no gaps). Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and previously undescribed CRISPR–Cas systems, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), tRNA synthetases, tRNA-modification enzymes, translation-initiation and elongation factors, and ribosomal proteins. The CRISPR–Cas systems of phages have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. In addition, some phages may repurpose bacterial CRISPR–Cas systems to eliminate competing phages. We phylogenetically define the major clades of huge phages from human and other animal microbiomes, as well as from oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that the large gene inventories of huge phages reflect a conserved biological strategy, and that the phages are distributed across a broad bacterial host range and across Earth’s ecosystems.
Genomic analyses of major clades of huge phages sampled from across Earth’s ecosystems show that they have diverse genetic inventories, including a variety of CRISPR–Cas systems and translation-relevant genes.
Journal Article
Showcasing artworks by students and educators, in partnership with the National Art Education Association (NAEA)
Student Lily Caligan-Gilliam’s digital photography captures a hand with flowers. Teacher Sasha Corrodus-Odom’s drawing depicts her student, Trinity
Journal Article
Showcasing artworks by students and educators, in partnership with the National Art Education Association (NAEA)
Kappan publishes examples of student and teacher art. This month features a teacher’s photograph of a ballet dancer and a student’s painting of a person experiencing curiosity and wonder.
Journal Article
Showcasing artworks by students and educators, in partnership with the National Art Education Association (NAEA)
Kayla Le’s oil painting, Bubble Wrap Boundaries, was inspired by art she saw on Instagram.
Journal Article