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This research aimed to build a solid basis through analytic hierarchy process (AHP) analysis to develop a reliable and practical valuation model that reflects the characteristics of the biotech industry and propose a reference formula to estimate the license fee by drug class for potential business transactions. In this study, we reviewed 135 related studies and found 167 related determinants. We surveyed 25 or more specialists in the biopharmaceutical industries. The survey group consisted of National Research Institutes (‘Group 1’), Companies (‘Group 2’), and Government Agencies–Universities (‘Group 3’). The average of the total group and Group 3 showed the same tendency at a Level 3 ranking, where the priority in determining the license fee was arranged in the order of ‘the market factor, the technology factor, the financial factor, and the environmental factor’ in light of the factors, and ‘patent characteristics, licensee characteristics, and licensor characteristics’ for the characteristics. We noted that the patent characteristics were primarily significant in technology transactions and their contract fee in the groups (Total, Group 2 and Group 3), followed by licensee characteristics. In terms of the in-depth index, we noted that the development phase and attrition rate, intellectual property tradability, and licensee licensing experience, followed by quality of technology, were the most influential determinants.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the sunk cost argument on the auction price of the frequency spectrum by measuring the efficiency of the frequency license fee paid by the auction winner. The efficiency method employs a nonparametric approach, namely Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with the Linear Programming method, with the hypothesis model tested using Path Analysis. The dataset under consideration was Indonesia's Big Three Service Providers (2015-2020). The results show that the spectrum auction price is efficient in its impact on service prices, revenues, and income taxes. The spectrum auction price has no effect, lending credence to the argument that the spectrum auction price is considered a sunk cost in the telecommunications industry. The research reason is that the higher the auction price, combined with the lower cost of service due to high competition, the harder it is for small businesses to win the auction. The winning bidder will remain under the control of the prominent organizers, so the government issues a merger policy for small businesses to compete in spectrum auction bids.  

We consider a choice of options for an innovating firm to enter the market with or without licensing its new cost-reducing technology to an incumbent firm using a combination of royalty and fixed license fee, or to license its technology without entry. When the innovating firm licenses its technology to the incumbent firm without entry, the optimal royalty rate for the innovating firm is zero. When the innovating firm enters the market with a license, its optimal royalty rate is positive. In that case if cost functions are concave, the optimal royalty rate is one such that the incumbent firm drops out of the market with negative fixed fee, and license without entry strategy and entry with license strategy are optimal; if cost functions are strictly convex, there is an internal solution of positive optimal royalty rate with positive or negative fixed fee and entry with license strategy is optimal.

Multinational corporations have long been recognized as both major creators of technology and as conduits of technology transfer. Technology transfer can happen directly, when the affiliate licenses the technology from the parent, or indirectly, when the affiliate imports intermediate goods with embodied technology. This paper estimates the effect of the affiliates’ productivity relative to the frontier—the technology gap—on the choice of licensing the technology or importing it through intermediate goods. A novel measure of multinational technology transfer is employed using data on technology licensing payments versus imports from U.S. multinationals across many countries and industries. The main finding of this paper is that a large technology gap of an affiliate favors indirect knowledge transfer through imports. On average, a 10% increase in the technology gap decreases the share of licensing versus importing inputs embodying the technology by 1.5%. Considering that access to ideas and generation of new ones are crucial for long-run economic growth, and convergence of a country, this study highlights the policy implications for countries to raise their productivity levels.

The Government of Liberia is in the process of developing a new Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) that is intended to determine its path toward middle-income status. One central aspect of the strategy is likely to be a stronger focus on inclusive growth. This will mean that higher priority will be placed on growing the local private sector, and broadening the base of the economy. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in infrastructure and services can be a key instrument for achieving these goals especially in an economy like Liberia. The analysis contained in this study identifies the steps toward establishing PPPs as both a policy instrument and method for deepening private sector investment in Liberia. Liberia's rich natural resource endowments have played a fundamental role in the way in which the economy has developed, and in the way in which Government manages private investment in extractive industries. The Government itself has a long history of entering into concession contracts with private investors and operators. Firestone rubber first signed a concession agreement in 1926, and re-signed their concession to last until 2041. More recently, the Government of Liberia has entered into several large natural resource and mining concession contracts that will see large sums of private sector capital invested onshore. This study is one element of a multi-faceted effort to support local private sector and financial sector development in Liberia. It takes into close account the Government's focus on job-creation, the post-conflict dynamics in the country, and Liberia's reliance on extractive industries as a primary source of revenue. The analysis also builds on previous economic sector work that has looked closely at how to stimulate private sector growth and investment, how to support small and medium-size enterprise (SME), and how to leverage existing private sector investment to generate deeper local markets and create new jobs.

Nowadays the wealth of nations depends to the largest extent on their technological capabilities. The paper analyses how the role of certain groups of countries changes with respect to these capabilities. Empirical study shows that the further domination of the Triad countries in the development of the technological capability is not certain. Their position is threaten by the growing competition from fast-growing countries in Asia. These countries play an increasingly important role in RD spending, they also import new technologies, as seen in the increasing expenditures on license fees. They benefit from rapidly growing number of graduates, especially in technical fields, which are the key to building the innovative capacity of firms. The share of Asian inventors receiving patent protection in the United States, European Union and Japan also steadily increases. These trends have even been deepened during the last economic crisis, which has affected developed countries more severely than most developing countries.

Are the Tiger economies of Southeast Asia under threat? This book analyzes the industrial prospects and policy options for Malaysia and its neighbors. This comparative analysis examines the challenges facing Malaysia, as well as the other \"Little Tigers\" of Southeast Asia. It explores how these economies can sustain growth and move beyond middle-income status by focusing on technology and innovation. The book identifies weaknesses in their knowledge-based capacities and offers constructive reform suggestions. It covers key topics such as: * Trade competitiveness * Foreign direct investment * Innovation systems * Urban development Tiger Economies Under Threat is a valuable resource for policymakers, academics, business professionals, and researchers interested in the economic development of Southeast Asia.

El sistema audiovisual público (sap) europeo se enfrenta a retos de innovación, legitimidad y financiación. Este artículo analiza la evolución de la financiación de las radiotelevisiones públicas (rtvp) europeas entre 2010 y 2016, además de abordar la necesidad de legitimización y actualización de los distintos modelos de financiación vigentes en la ue. Metodología. Se han analizado los presupuestos de las rtvps en relación a habitantes, hogares y pib en ppa. Resultados. Los resultados constatan el impacto de la crisis económica en el sap. Se distinguen dos trienios con tendencias diferentes: el primero (2010-2013), marcado por la constricción presupuestaria (-4,1%), y el segundo (2013-2016) por una cierta recuperación (4%); así como fuertes diferencias entre la Europa del Norte y la del Sur. Discusión y conclusiones. Se concluye que es necesario reformular los modelos de negocio del sap, de forma que se alcance una mayor estabilidad, adecuación y legitimidad.

Recent evidence suggests that increasing overall service coverage and promoting access to telecommunications services have a high economic benefit. Overall, it is estimated that a ten percent increase in mobile telephony penetration could increase economic growth by 0.81 percent in developing countries, whereas a ten percent increase in broadband penetration could increase economic growth by 1.4 percent. In rural and low-income areas in particular, not only do basic telephony services and broadband access allow population to connect with relatives and friends, but they have also introduced a dramatic increase in productivity and in many cases have become the only way for small and medium enterprises in rural areas to access national and, in some cases, global markets. Moreover, the impact of access to telecommunications in rural areas on health, education, disaster management, and local governments has allowed better and more rapid responses, improved coordination, and more effective public management. It is therefore worthwhile to take a second look at all possible policy options, both conventional mechanisms (some of which underutilized) as well as new approaches, to determine whether some of them may be relevant for the emerging agenda of universal broadband access. This paper will first address the necessary conditions required to adopt a more ambitious universal access policy in developing countries. After that, a brief account of the main relevant trends in the industry will be made, followed by a description of twelve different mechanisms for project implementation and six different mechanisms for funding of universal access strategies. Then, an evaluation of the mechanisms will be carried out to identify the most suitable ones. Finally, some recommendations to policy makers on implementation of the preferred mechanisms are also drawn from the analysis.

To reduce the competition from farmers who self-produce seed, an inbred line seed producer can switch to nondurable hybrid seed. In a two-period framework, we first investigate the impact of crop durability on self-production, pricing and switching decisions. Second, we study how the introduction of a fee paid by self-producing farmers affects those decisions. We find that the monopolist may produce technologically dominated hybrid seed in order to extract more surplus from farmers. Further, the introduction of a self-production fee improves efficiency.