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Pro-Copyright, Pro-AI: The Power of Collective Licensing
The aim of this Article is to showcase the emerging AI licensing solutions pioneered by RROs and to explore how these frameworks address the challenges posed by AI’s reliance on copyrighted works. The discussion begins with a primer on the structure and operation of collective management frameworks, highlighting their effectiveness in managing rights for secondary uses. Following this, the Article examines the necessity of licensing in the AI context, emphasizing why exceptions and limitations under current copyright regimes are insufficient to adequately address the complexities of AI training. This section underscores the limitations of existing legal frameworks and the potential harm to rightsholders if AI systems continue to use copyrighted works without appropriate permissions or compensation. Finally, the Article presents an analysis of the emerging licensing solutions tailored to AI, illustrating how these initiatives by RROs are not only meeting the demands of the AI market but are also paving the way for sustainable and equitable practices at the intersection of copyright and technology.
Journal Article
Clades of huge phages from across Earth’s ecosystems
Bacteriophages typically have small genomes
1
and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication
2
. Here we sequenced DNA from diverse ecosystems and found hundreds of phage genomes with lengths of more than 200 kilobases (kb), including a genome of 735 kb, which is—to our knowledge—the largest phage genome to be described to date. Thirty-five genomes were manually curated to completion (circular and no gaps). Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and previously undescribed CRISPR–Cas systems, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), tRNA synthetases, tRNA-modification enzymes, translation-initiation and elongation factors, and ribosomal proteins. The CRISPR–Cas systems of phages have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. In addition, some phages may repurpose bacterial CRISPR–Cas systems to eliminate competing phages. We phylogenetically define the major clades of huge phages from human and other animal microbiomes, as well as from oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that the large gene inventories of huge phages reflect a conserved biological strategy, and that the phages are distributed across a broad bacterial host range and across Earth’s ecosystems.
Genomic analyses of major clades of huge phages sampled from across Earth’s ecosystems show that they have diverse genetic inventories, including a variety of CRISPR–Cas systems and translation-relevant genes.
Journal Article
CONTEXTUALIZING THE RANGE OF MEDICATION-RELATED REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS IN ASSISTED LIVING
Abstract
Prior research has investigated the severity and scope of medication-related deficiency citations; less is known about the specificity of regulatory requirements governing medication-related practices in assisted living (AL). We examine the variation of regulatory specificity for two common policies: medication record review and administration. We coded state requirements for 196 AL licenses linked to 33,246 ALs in the U.S for the presence of specific requirements, weighted for increasing precision (1-4), summed and divided by the maximum value to produce a score ranging from no specificity (0) to maximum specificity (1). Medication record review specificity includes: regularly scheduled review of resident medications generally (1), by AL staff (2), or by a licensed healthcare professional (3). Specificity of staff who administer oral medication includes: direct care staff permitted (1), certified nursing assistant or medication aide required (2), licensed practical/vocational nurse required (3), registered nurse required (4). Most facilities operate under licenses that only require general review of residents’ medications (62%) and 32% required medication review by a licensed healthcare provider. Most facilities’ licensure requirements permit direct care workers to administer medications (63%) and 16% require a licensed nurse to administer. One in six facilities have requirements that do not address who is permitted or required to administer oral medications. Overall, 36% of facilities operated under regulations that had an overall specificity score ( management and administration) of 0.5 or higher. While most ALs are licensed with low medication policy specificity, understanding regulatory expectations can contextualize and inform medication practices within these settings.
Journal Article