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How to hear the universe : Gaby González and the search for Einstein's ripples in space-time
A biography of immigrant scientist Gabriela González, who, armed with modern technology, completed the work that Albert Einstein had begun one hundred years earlier, confirming his theory of gravitational waves and breaking new ground for space-time research.
BOOK
GWTC-4.0: Methods for Identifying and Characterizing Gravitational-wave Transients
The Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC) is a collection of candidate gravitational-wave transient signals identified and characterized by the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Collaboration. Producing the contents of the GWTC from detector data requires complex analysis methods. These comprise techniques to model the signal; identify the transients in the data; evaluate the quality of the data and mitigate possible instrumental issues; infer the parameters of each transient; compare the data with the waveform models for compact binary coalescences; and handle the large amount of results associated with all of these different analyses. In this paper, we describe the methods employed to produce the catalog’s fourth release, GWTC-4.0, focusing on the analysis of the first part of the fourth observing run of Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA.
Journal Article
Search for Continuous Gravitational Waves from Known Pulsars in the First Part of the Fourth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Observing Run
Continuous gravitational waves (CWs) emission from neutron stars carries information about their internal structure and equation of state, and it can provide tests of general relativity. We present a search for CWs from a set of 45 known pulsars in the first part of the fourth LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA observing run, known as O4a. We conducted a targeted search for each pulsar using three independent analysis methods considering single-harmonic and dual-harmonic emission models. We find no evidence of a CW signal in O4a data for both models and set upper limits on the signal amplitude and on the ellipticity, which quantifies the asymmetry in the neutron star mass distribution. For the single-harmonic emission model, 29 targets have the upper limit on the amplitude below the theoretical spin-down limit. The lowest upper limit on the amplitude is 6.4 × 10−27 for the young energetic pulsar J0537−6910, while the lowest constraint on the ellipticity is 8.8 × 10−9 for the bright nearby millisecond pulsar J0437−4715. Additionally, for a subset of 16 targets, we performed a narrowband search that is more robust regarding the emission model, with no evidence of a signal. We also found no evidence of nonstandard polarizations as predicted by the Brans–Dicke theory.
Journal Article
Open Data from LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA through the First Part of the Fourth Observing Run
LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA form a network of gravitational-wave observatories. Data and analysis results from this network are made publicly available through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center. This paper describes open data from this network, including the addition of data from the first part of the fourth observing run and selected periods from the preceding engineering run, collected from 2023 May to 2024 January. The public dataset includes calibrated strain time series for each instrument, data from additional channels used for noise subtraction and detector characterization, and analysis data products from version 4.0 of the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog.
Journal Article
A+ LIGO Output Mode Cleaner Cavities and Investigation of Polarisation Balanced Homodyne Detection
The A+ upgrade of the Advanced LIGO detectors introduces balanced homodyne readout (BHD) and aims for improved levels of squeezed vacuum injection to enhance gravitational-wave sensitivity. A crucial component in achieving these goals is the Output Mode Cleaner (OMC), which filters higher-order modes and RF sidebands while preserving the carrier TEM 00 mode. We present recent OMC build results with transmission consistently above 98%, an essential step towards stable 6 dB squeezing in A+ and ∼ 10 dB for next-generation detectors. Furthermore, we report on the ongoing experimental investigation of a polarisation-based BHD scheme, which could reduce system complexity by eliminating the need for dual OMCs, while also mitigating birefringence-induced noise.
Journal Article
Gravitational waves from compact binary systems: observational prospects in the fifth LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA observing run
The LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA (LVK) Collaboration is currently in its fourth observing run (O4) and is already planning the fifth run (O5) for the coming years, during which current gravitational-wave (GW) detectors will be upgraded to achieve enhanced sensitivities. This study presents the observational prospects for the LVK network during O5, with focus on GWs emitted by compact binary coalescences. By combining astrophysical population synthesis models with simulated GW signals, we derive a projected observing scenario, defined in terms of detection rates and source localisation regions. Finally, we show how different noise configurations for Advanced Virgo can affect the detection and localisation capabilities of the LVK network.
Journal Article
Site Evaluation and Cost Estimation for Cosmic Explorer
Cosmic Explorer (CE) is a proposed next generation gravitational-wave observatory that would be sited in the United States. As of 2025, CE is in its design phase, with plans to begin operations in the 2030s together with the Einstein Telescope in Europe. CE’s reference design consists of two widely separated L-shaped detectors, one with 20km arms and one with 40km arms, each based on technology proven by the National Science Foundation’s highly successful Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO). There are unique challenges associated with identifying locations suitable for hosting Cosmic Explorer in the conterminous United States, not least of which is the order of magnitude upscaling of the observatory with respect to the 4km LIGO observatories. Cosmic Explorer’s approach to site evaluation integrates physical, social and cultural criteria. Here we present improvements to the Cosmic Explorer Location Search (CELS) code used to identify and assess locations where CE would have low construction costs incurred by the geology, geography and topography of the land. We also report on efforts to integrate astrophysical requirements established by the Cosmic Explorer Science Traceability Matrix into the site evaluation process. National-level results are presented and combined with results from a related National Suitability Analysis to provide a list of locations that are preliminarily promising for a 40km CE.
Journal Article
Search for Neutrino Counterparts to Gravitational Wave Events in Super-Kamiokande during the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA O4 Observing Run
In recent years, the Super-Kamiokande experiment has contributed to multi-messenger astronomy by searching for neutrino signals in coincidence with gravitational wave events. The fourth observing run (O4) of the LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA collaborations started in May 2023. During the initial phase, known as O4a, LIGO identified 81 gravitational wave candidates. Neutrino follow-up searches with O4a were performed in Super-Kamiokande. While no significant signal was observed, flux limits were computed.
Journal Article
A Realistic Projection for Constraining the Neutron Star Equation of State with the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Detector Network in the A+ Era
The upcoming A+ era of the LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA network—featuring upgrades to Advanced LIGO (aLIGO+) and Advanced Virgo (AdV+)—will enable more frequent and precise observations of binary neutron star (BNS) mergers, improving the constraints on the neutron star equation of state (EOS). In this study, we applied reduced-order quadrature techniques for full parameter estimation of 3000 simulated gravitational-wave signals from BNS mergers at A+ sensitivity following three EOS models: hqc18, sly230a, and mpa1. We found a systematic trend in the recovery of tidal deformability, with overestimation at higher component masses and underestimation at lower masses. Postprocessing of the inferred parameters reveals the impact of these biases on EOS constraints. We quantified these effects and proposed correction strategies to improve EOS inference. This timely framework is well suited for deployment in the upcoming A+ observing runs.
Journal Article
Open Data from the Third Observing Run of LIGO, Virgo, KAGRA, and GEO
The global network of gravitational-wave observatories now includes five detectors, namely LIGO Hanford, LIGO Livingston, Virgo, KAGRA, and GEO 600. These detectors collected data during their third observing run, O3, composed of three phases: O3a starting in 2019 April and lasting six months, O3b starting in 2019 November and lasting five months, and O3GK starting in 2020 April and lasting two weeks. In this paper we describe these data and various other science products that can be freely accessed through the Gravitational Wave Open Science Center at https://gwosc.org. The main data set, consisting of the gravitational-wave strain time series that contains the astrophysical signals, is released together with supporting data useful for their analysis and documentation, tutorials, as well as analysis software packages.
Journal Article