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Originally a euphemism for Princeton University's Female Literary Traditioncourse in the 1980s, \"chick lit\" mutated from a movement in American women'savant-garde fiction in the 1990s to become, by the turn of the century, a humorous subset ofwomen's literature, journalism, and advice manuals. Stephanie Harzewski examines such bestsellers as Bridget Jones's Diary The Devil Wears Prada,and Sex and the City as urban appropriations of and departures from the narrativetraditions of the novel of manners, the popular romance, and the bildungsroman. Further, Harzewskiuses chick lit as a lens through which to view gender relations in U.S. and British society in the1990s. Chick Lit and Postfeminism is the first sustained historicization of thismajor pop-cultural phenomenon, and Harzewski successfully demonstrates how chick lit and thecritical study of it yield social observations on upheavals in Anglo-American marriage andeducation patterns, heterosexual rituals, feminism, and postmodern values.

This article focuses on furniture, and more specifically beds and bed pavilions in pre-Islamic Java, hence before 1500 ce. In this way, it intends to contribute to the knowledge of an aspect of Javanese material culture that is still in need of comprehensive studies. Old Javanese and Malay texts read against the iconographic evidence on temple stone reliefs and metalware identify four types of \"sleeping apparatus\" in pre-Islamic Java: a mat unrolled on the floor; a wooden or bamboo bed-platform, standing on four or more legs, which were supported on stone or terracotta bases (umpaks); a movable bed consisting of a bedstead standing on wooden legs (what one might be tempted to call a \"true\" bed); and a canopy bed, which probably developed from the curtained bedchamber. The article also considers the elements that complete the beds' functional equipment, such as mattress padding and curtains that ensure privacy for their users. Even in their terse form, the different sources can be used to develop hypotheses on the association of some of these beds with groups of people identified by social rank or gender, and on the influence of foreign furniture on the design of beds in Java. Finally, this study also seeks to determine the precise meaning of various Javanese terms used to designate items of furniture intended for rest or pleasure, as tilām/tilam, palaṅka, and jinǝm. Cet article porte sur le mobilier, et plus particulièrement les lits et les litspavillons, dans la Java pré-islamique, soit avant 1500 de notre ère. Il entend ainsi contribuer à la connaissance d'un aspect de la culture matérielle javanaise qui nécessite encore des études approfondies. Les textes javanais et malais anciens, interrogés à la lumière des iconographies représentées sur les reliefs en pierre des temples et sur des objets en métal, permettent d'identifier quatre types de « mobilier de sommeil » dans la Java pré-islamique : une natte déroulée sur le sol ; une plate-forme de lit en bois ou en bambou, reposant sur quatre pieds ou plus qui étaient soutenus par des bases en pierre ou en terre cuite (umpak) ; un lit mobile composé d'un sommier reposant sur des pieds en bois (ce que l'on pourrait être tenté d'appeler un lit « véritable ») ; et un lit à baldaquin, qui s'est probablement développé à partir du type de la chambre à coucher à rideaux. L'article prend également en considération les éléments venant compléter le dispositif de couchage, tels que le matériau servant au rembourrage des matelas et les rideaux qui assurent l'intimité des utilisateurs des lits. Même sous leur forme lapidaire, les différentes sources permettent d'élaborer des hypothèses quant à l'association de certains de ces lits à des groupes de personnes identifiés par le rang social ou le genre, et quant à l'influence du mobilier étranger sur la conception des lits à Java. Enfin, cette étude cherche également à déterminer la signification précise de divers termes javanais désignant ces éléments de mobilier destinés au repos et au plaisir, comme tilām/tilam, palaṅka et jinǝm.

When the mind turns more than one would wish towards questions of - as W.G. Sebald puts it - the \"natural history of destruction\", comparative consideration by artists and interdisciplinary scholars is directed to the interstices between images, novel, essay, (auto)biography, memorial and travelogue. Artists have been among Sebald's most prolific interpreters - as they are among the more fearless and holistic researchers on questions concerning what it means never to be able to fix an identity, to tell a migrant's story, or to know where a historical trauma ends. Sebald has - as this book attests - also given artists and scholars a means to write with images, to embrace ambiguity, and to turn to today's migrants with empathy and responsibility; as well as to let academic research, creation and institutional engagement blend into or substantially inform one another in order to account for and enable such necessary work in the most diverse contexts.

Nearly one century of research using growth hormone deficient (GHD) mouse lines has contributed greatly toward our knowledge of growth hormone (GH), a pituitary-derived hormone that binds and signals through the GH receptor and affects many metabolic processes throughout life. Although delayed sexual maturation, decreased fertility, reduced muscle mass, increased adiposity, small body size, and glucose intolerance appear to be among the negative characteristics of these GHD mouse lines, these mice still consistently outlive their normal sized littermates. Furthermore, the absence of GH action in these mouse lines leads to enhanced insulin sensitivity (likely due to the lack of GH’s diabetogenic actions), delayed onset for a number of age-associated physiological declines (including cognition, cancer, and neuromusculoskeletal frailty), reduced cellular senescence, and ultimately, extended lifespan. In this review, we provide details about history, availability, growth, physiology, and aging of five commonly used GHD mouse lines.

This paper reports on an experimental study of a top-lit updraft cook stove with a focus on gasification. The reactor is operated with primary air only. The performance is studied for a variation in the primary airflow, as well as reactor geometry. Temperature in the reactor, air flow rate, fuel consumption rate, and producer gas composition were measured. From the measurements the superficial velocity, pyrolysis front velocity, peak bed temperature, air fuel ratio, heating value of the producer gas, and gasification rate were calculated. The results show that the producer gas energy content was maximized at a superficial velocity of 9 cm/s. The percent char remaining at the end of gasification decreased with increasing combustion chamber diameter. For a fixed superficial velocity, the gasification rate and producer gas energy content were found to scale linearly with diameter. The energy content of the producer gas was maximized at an air fuel (AF) ratio of 1.8 regardless of the diameter.

The Kłodzko–Złoty Stok intrusion (KZSI), located in the NE part of the Bohemian Massif of Central Europe, has preserved records of the magmatic and tectonic activity of the Variscan orogeny in the Sudetes. KZSI is extraordinarily complex texturally, and shows a very wide range of chemical, isotopic and mineralogical compositions which indicates a complex, multiphase history of intrusion. New SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages provide evidence of two magmatic episodes with a distinctive hiatus between them at ~ 326–308 Ma. The youngest dated zircons (303.8 ± 3.8/4.2 Ma) are from the Laski leucocratic hornblende–biotite monzogranite and mark a short interval of post-collisional reactivation of the magma system. Zircons from a biotite–hornblende diorite sheet from the northern part of KZSI yielded an age of 349 ± 3.4/3.7 Ma, interpreted as indicating the initial phase of an early Carboniferous, multi-pulse episode. The evolution of the magmatic system can be tied to a 334.4 ± 2.9/3.3 Ma zircon age for melanocratic syenites from Podzamek which represent lamprophyric melt. Based on textural and compositional data and field relationships we interpret the intrusion as having been tilted post-emplacement towards the NW. This, together with the new dating results, ties the early Carboniferous episode of KZSI activity and the Jawornik granitoids (5 km to the SE) to the same magmatic system and arguably to bentonites of the Paprotnia beds (5 km to the NW), all representing different levels of such a system. The newly estimated late Carboniferous age from Laski ties part of the KZSI to other late Carboniferous Sudetic intrusions and late Carboniferous–Permian volcanism.

This book is a new history of early modern gender, told through the lyric poetry of Renaissance Italy. In the evolution of Western gender roles, the Italian Renaissance was a watershed moment, when a confluence of cultural developments disrupted centuries of Aristotelian, binary thinking. Men and women living through this upheaval exploited Petrarchism's capacity for subjective expression and experimentation - as well as its status as the most accessible of genres - in order to imagine new gendered possibilities in realms such as marriage, war, and religion. One of the first studies to examine writing by early modern Italian men and women together, it is also a revolutionary testament to poetry's work in the world. These poets' works challenge the traditional boundaries drawn around lyric's utility. They show us how poems could be sites of resistance against the pervading social order - how they are texts capable not only of recording social history, but also of shaping it.

Fluidized bed (FB) combustion and gasification are advanced techniques for fuel flexible, high efficiency and low emission conversion.Fuels are combusted or gasified as a fluidized bed suspended by jets with sorbents that remove harmful emissions such as SOx.CO2 capture can also be incorporated.