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An adequate level of health literacy is essential for clear communication between patients and health care workers. The internationalization of universities is increasing in the field of health care. The aims of our research were to measure (1) the level of health literacy and its correlation among university students and (2) the relationship between the different instruments measuring health literacy. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the 2020/2021 academic year. The questionnaire included questions on sociodemographic status, study data, health status, and health literacy level. According to the HLS-EU-Q16 health literacy questionnaire, more than half of the students had a limited HL level in disease prevention (52.4%) and health promotion (58.4%) subindexes. Nationality was found to be an influencing factor (p < 0.001). According to the NVS, 80.1% of the students had an adequate HL level. A significant correlation was found between the results and nationality (p = 0.005). None of the Chew questions demonstrated a correlation with nationality (q1 p = 0.269, q2 p = 0.368, q3 p = 0.528). Nationality is a key factor in the level of subjective and functional health literacy. We need to measure both types of levels to see the real results.

Objective To understand the 2024 health-literacy level of college students majoring in sports in China—covering the three dimensions of basic knowledge and beliefs, healthy lifestyles and behaviors, and fundamental health skills, as well as the six domains of scientific health perspectives, communicable disease prevention, chronic disease prevention, safety and first aid, basic medical care, and health-information literacy—and to identify their determinants, to guide the development of tailored, evidence-based health-literacy interventions for undergraduate sport science students in China. Methods Using stratified random cluster sampling, 1083 college students majoring in sports were selected from six universities in Jiangsu Province. The questionnaire was divided into two parts: the basic situation of the study population and health literacy; the basic situation included general demographic characteristics, lifestyle status, and family-related information; the health literacy level of sports major college students was investigated using the “ National Public Health Literacy Monitoring Survey Questionnaire .” It is included three aspects of health literacy and six categories of health problems. The required statistical analyses were performed using Chi-square tests and Gamma correlation analysis in SPSS 26.0 software. Binary logistic regression was applied to identify significant predictors. Results Among 1,083 participants (69.44% male, 30.56% female), overall health-literacy level was 31.49%. The knowledge dimension scored highest (45.52%), basic skills lowest (26.69%); among six domains, safety and first-aid ranked highest (58.36%) and basic medical care lowest (8.03%). Binary logistic regression showed that smoking (including e-cigarettes) (OR = 0.538), engaging in Extracurricular Exercis daily (OR = 0.338) and never attending health lectures (OR = 0.532)were associated with lower health-literacy, and higher literacy was observed among first-year students (OR = 1.093), those whose mothers held junior-college diplomas (OR = 1.617), students exercising 30 ~ 60 min per session (OR = 1.525). Conclusion This study, based on a cross-sectional study of over one thousand sports-major students, confirms that their overall health literacy averages only 31.49%. Specifically,“basic health skills\"and “basic medical care\"literacy both fall below 30%, emerging as the weakest domains. Binary logistic regression further identifies smoking, sophomore–junior students, and high-frequency exercise as key risk factors. By offering the first tracking of sports-major students’ health literacy and pinpointing precise intervention targets, the research fills an important evidence gap and provides an empirical foundation for tailored interventions. We recommend integrating tobacco-control education into the curriculum of sports majors, conducting continuous health literacy monitoring for sophomore–junior students, enhancing sport-specific skills, as well as exploring the mysteries of health with students through the application scenarios of health education theories and skills.

The relationship between the expansion of literacy in Judah and composition of biblical texts has attracted scholarly attention for over a century. Information on this issue can be deduced from Hebrew inscriptions from the final phase of the first Temple period. We report our investigation of 16 inscriptions from the Judahite desert fortress of Arad, dated ca. 600 BCE—the eve of Nebuchadnezzar’s destruction of Jerusalem. The inquiry is based on new methods for image processing and document analysis, as well as machine learning algorithms. These techniques enable identification of the minimal number of authors in a given group of inscriptions. Our algorithmic analysis, complemented by the textual information, reveals a minimum of six authors within the examined inscriptions. The results indicate that in this remote fort literacy had spread throughout the military hierarchy, down to the quartermaster and probably even below that rank. This implies that an educational infrastructure that could support the composition of literary texts in Judah already existed before the destruction of the first Temple. A similar level of literacy in this area is attested again only 400 y later, ca. 200 BCE.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, lise öğrencilerinin istatistik okuryazarlık düzeyleri ile istatistik okuryazarlık öz yeterlik algıları arasında bir ilişki olup olmadığını incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini iki farklı lisede öğrenim gören ve 10., 11. ve 12. sınıfta okuyan toplamda 163 lise öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama araçları olarak “İstatistiksel Okuryazarlık Öz yeterlik Ölçeği” ve Türkçe uyarlaması yapılan “The Levels of Conceptual Understanding in Statistics (LOCUS)” projesinden seçilmiş sorular kullanılmıştır. Korelasyonel araştırma deseninin benimsendiği çalışmada veriler nitel ve nicel yöntemler kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, lise öğrencilerinin istatistik okuryazarlıklarının “Düşük” düzeyde ve istatistik okuryazarlık öz yeterlik algılarının ise “Orta” düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, öğrencilerin istatistik okuryazarlık öz yeterlik algılarının istatistik okuryazarlıklarının anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İstatistik okuryazarlığının en güçlü yordayıcısının temel istatistiksel kavramlarla ilgili yeterlik ve onu izleyen istatistiksel süreçle ilgili güven duygusu faktörlerinin, en zayıf yordayıcısının ise istatistiksel muhakeme ile ilgili inanç faktörünün olduğu görülmüştür. Böylece bu araştırmanın özellikle istatistik okuryazarlığının duyuşsal yönüne vurgu yapması ve bu yönün öğrencilerin istatistik okuryazarlığı açısından büyük bir öneme sahip olduğunu resmetmesi bakımından önemli olduğu düşülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda istatistik öğretme ve öğrenme sürecinde, öğrencilerin istatistik okuryazarlığının hedef alınmasına paralel olarak istatistik okuryazarlık öz yeterlik algılarının da geliştirilmesine yönelik etkinliklere yer verilmesi önerilmektedir. The purpose of this study was to examine the existence of a relationship between statistical literacy levels and statistical literacy self-efficacy of high school students. A total of 163 high school students studying at two different high schools in the 10th, 11th and 12th grades constituted the study sample. The “Statistical Literacy Self-Efficacy Instrument” and selected questions from the “Levels of Conceptual Understanding in Statistics (LOCUS)” project, adapted into Turkish, were utilized for data collection. The data were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods according to a correlational research design. It was determined from the results that the statistical literacy of high school students was at a “Low” level and their statistical literacy self-efficacy was at an “Intermediate” level. Importantly, the statistical literacy self-efficacy of students was found to be a significant predictor of statistical literacy. It was determined that the strongest predictor of statistical literacy were factors regarding efficacy related to basic statistical concepts and confidence related to the statistical process that follows, while the weakest predictor was a factor regarding the belief related to statistical reasoning. Thus, it was important that this research emphasized the affective aspect of statistical literacy in particular and portrayed that this aspect was of great importance for students’ statistical literacy. As a result, as part of the statistical teaching and learning process, activities aimed at developing the statistical literacy self-efficacy of students parallel to the target of students’ statistical literacy is proposed.

Background Sexual health literacy (SHL) leads to the development of personal ability, understanding, evaluation and use of information related to sexual health. The purpose of this study was to assess the sexual health literacy level and its related factors among married college students at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (MAZUMS). Methods A web-based cross-sectional online study was conducted on married college students at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences between January and November 2020. All students were included in the study by census, and the study method was explained by telephone. If they agreed to participate in the study, the online link to the questionnaire, including sociodemographic and clinical information and Sexual Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (SHELIA), was emailed. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26 was used for data analysis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression tests were used to assess factors related to sexual health literacy. Results The sample consisted of 277 male and 123 female students. Sexual Health Literacy Level and all subscales are at the sufficient level (66.1–88). Among the participants, 20.5% had limited sexual health literacy. Multivariate analysis found factors related to sexual health literacy among students: economic status (OR 0.03; 95% CI 0.0–0.55) and faculty (OR 0.07; 95% CI 0.01–0.52) is related to decrease and subscription to social media for sexual health (OR 3.27; 95% CI 1.53–7.01), information source of channels and cyberspace (OR 3.23; 95% CI 1.41–7.39), educational level (OR 16.39; 95% CI 2.16–32.70), Internet search information source (OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.00–3.64) is related to increase, were statistically significant factors. Conclusion In Iran, medical sciences college students, who constitute a significant portion of the country's population, are responsible for sexual health education. Government agencies, with the collaboration of all stakeholders, should develop policies and programs for implementing and evaluating integrated and comprehensive sexual health literacy promotion programs for them.

This study aims to determine the graphical literacy levels of middle school mathematics teachers. The participants of the study consisted of 33 middle school mathematics teachers working in different provinces. The data of the study were collected with the help of the graphical literacy test created by the researchers. The data were analyzed by content analysis method. As a result of the study, it was seen that the teachers were more successful in the questions that required reading the data in the graph. It has been revealed that teachers are unsuccessful in reading beyond data questions that require higher-level thinking. In addition, the teachers had the most difficulty creating the graphs. In other words, it was determined that the graphical literacy levels of the teachers were low. Therefore, it is thought that studies to improve the graphical literacy skills of teachers in in-service training programs will be important.

In Portugal, the government has accepted private management within public hospitals since 1996. The objectives of the state were to ensure more efficiency in resource management and maintain or increase the service quality provided to the users. Four public hospitals have been managed with a public–private partnership (PPP) approach. This study aimed to empirically analyse the degree of satisfaction of the Portuguese population regarding the service quality provided by PPP and Public Management Hospitals (PMH) within a structural equation model, and verify if people’s literacy level, age, education, and income moderate their opinions. The study used 2077 valid questionnaire responses applied in the four regions served by the eight hospitals. The results show that the users of the PPP hospitals are more satisfied than those from PMH with statistical significance. Literacy level moderates the relationship between perceived quality and users’ satisfaction, and education moderates the same relationship only in the context of PPP hospitals. More educated people with a high literacy level are more demanding, both regarding PPP and PMH hospitals. Nevertheless, the results are very beneficial to the PPP model; thus, improved decision-making regarding contract renewal might help policymakers consider the findings of this paper.

Introduction: Good mental health literacy (MHL) enables an individual to access, understand, and use information in a way that promotes and maintains good mental health and facilitates early referral to mental health services. The literature reports that MHL levels among adolescents are gradually increasing, but still remain at low/moderate levels, and that this situation bears a negative impact on both individual and societal health. Aims: The Authors of this study aim to determine the level of MHL among university students engaged in the field of health, the factors that influence this level, and the differences between the various fields. Methods: The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 1,227 students enrolled in a university health department between 1 December 2022 and 20 January 2023. Data were collected online using a questionnaire designed by the researchers, and applying the MHL Scale (MHLS). We used descriptive statistics, one-sample t-test, one-way ANOVA test, multiple comparison tests (Tukey) and multiple linear regression in the statistical analysis. Results: The mean MHLS score of health faculty students was moderate (15.88, SD = 3.30). Female students, students aged >20 years and medicine, dentistry or nursing students had higher MHLS scores than others f < .050). Conclusions: We observed that university students in the health sector did not have the desired or expected level of MHL. Improving MHL has the potential to facilitate early intervention, ensuring effective community mental health promotion and support; therefore, educational programs should be developed for this group.

The motivation behind this investigation is to look at the three variables of advanced education, digital literacy (DL), for example, level, learning, and aptitudes (or level, knowledge and skills) of the students of library and information science (LIS), University of North Bengal. The examination used the review to explore the philosophy of the survey as an exploration tool. The questionnaire was planned, designed and conveyed to 60 students in the library and Information science; out of 60 understudies, 49 (81.66%) reacted. The finding suggests that the DL level is astute in terms of gender orientation and habitation and distinguishes different DLs between students as well as decision-making DL (Computer) abilities through gender and social foundations.

Health literacy is a dynamic construct that changes with specific health conditions; thus, new disease-specific health literacy tools are needed. Since cancer is the leading cause of death among Latinos, the largest and fastest-growing minority population in the nation, there is a need to develop tools to assess cancer health literacy (CHL) among the Spanish-speaking population. The Cancer Health Literacy Test, Spanish version (CHLT-30-DKspa) was applied to identify Spanish-speaking individuals with low CHL and ascertain which items in the tool best discriminate between CHL level groups. Cross-sectional field test of the CHLT-30-DKspa among Spanish-speaking Latinos. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified participants with varying CHL levels. Probability of correct answers, odds ratios, and standardized errors were used to identify the items that allow the classification of individuals among the latent classes. LCA resulted in a three-latent-class model predicting 39.4% of participants to be in the HIGH class, 43.3% in the MEDIUM class, and 17.3% in the LOW class. Eleven items (the CHLT-11-DKspa) meet the criteria to clearly separate participants with HIGH and LOW classes of CHL. Although the best model fit was a three-class solution, results showed a clear separation of individuals from HIGH versus LOW levels of CHL, but separation of those in the MEDIUM level was not as clear. The CHLT-11-DKspa is a shorter measure that may be relatively easy to use in a clinical encounter to identify Spanish-speaking patients with the poorest levels of CHL who may require additional support to understand medical instructions and care plans.