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Improper disposal of animal waste is responsible for several environmental problems, causing eutrophication of lakes and rivers, nutrient overload in the soil, and the spread of pathogenic organisms. Despite the potential to cause adverse ecological damage, animal waste can be a valuable source of resources if incorporated into a circular concept. In this sense, new approaches focused on recovery and reuse as substitutes for traditional processes based on removing contaminants in animal manure have gained attention from the scientific community. Based on this, the present work reviewed the literature on the subject, performing a bibliometric and scientometric analysis of articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 1991 and 2021. Of the articles analyzed, the main issues addressed were nitrogen and phosphorus recovery, energy generation, high-value-added products, and water reuse. The energy use of livestock waste stands out since it is characterized as a consolidated solution, unlike other routes still being developed, presenting the economic barrier as the main limiting factor. Analyzing the trend of technological development through the S curve, it was possible to verify that the circular economy in the management of animal waste will enter the maturation phase as of 2036 and decline in 2056, which demonstrates opportunities for the sector’s development, where animal waste can be an economic agent, promoting a cleaner and more viable product for a sustainable future.

This paper presents the impact of livestock activities and geochemical processes on the water quality of a fractured volcanic rock aquifer in the Lake Çıldır watershed, located at the northeastern part of Turkey. The existence of a high livestock population and animal grazing activities in meadow and pasturelands of the watershed during the short summer period poses serious stress on both surface and groundwater resources being the only drinking water supply for the local communities. Therefore, understanding the effect of grazing and livestock breeding activities occurring in the recharge areas of the fractured volcanic rock aquifer is vital to take precautions in order to protect limited water supplies at the watershed and vulnerable lake ecosystem as well. The mean nitrate content of the groundwater was measured at 6.4 ± 6.6 (std. dev) mg/L in the wet (before grazing) period and 7.1 ± 5.9 mg/L in the dry (after grazing) period. Despite low nitrate concentration levels of groundwater, microbial contamination was observed in the spring waters at alarming levels especially after the animal grazing activities. 56%, 26%, and 11% of the groundwater samples showed bacterial contamination in terms of total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci contents, respectively, prior to grazing activity, while in pursuit of intense livestock grazing at highland, these microbial indicators have been increased to 92%, 85%, and 77% in the dry period. A significant increase observed in fecal contamination indicates the negative impact of livestock activities on groundwater quality. Al (200–638 µg/L) and Fe (66–218 µg/L) enrichments locally observed in groundwater were related to advanced argillic alteration (kaolinization) and hematization zones in pyroclastic rocks.

The recognition of livestock activity is essential to be eligible for subsides, to automatically supervise critical activities and to locate stray animals. In recent decades, research has been carried out into animal detection, but this paper also analyzes the detection of other key elements that can be used to verify the presence of livestock activity in a given terrain: manure piles, feeders, silage balls, silage storage areas, and slurry pits. In recent years, the trend is to apply Convolutional Neuronal Networks (CNN) as they offer significantly better results than those obtained by traditional techniques. To implement a livestock activity detection service, the following object detection algorithms have been evaluated: YOLOv2, YOLOv4, YOLOv5, SSD, and Azure Custom Vision. Since YOLOv5 offers the best results, producing a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.94, this detector is selected for the creation of a livestock activity recognition service. In order to deploy the service in the best infrastructure, the performance/cost ratio of various Azure cloud infrastructures are analyzed and compared with a local solution. The result is an efficient and accurate service that can help to identify the presence of livestock activity in a specified terrain.

Faced with changes related to climatic hazards or market variability, farmers deploy a variety of strategies to stabilize farm economic performances and reduce risk. One of the challenges faced by agricultural systems is how to reduce their sensitivity to these disturbances and maintain a certain level of production of goods and services. If diversity in crop and livestock activities in a farm has been shown to answer this challenge, at a higher scale, the growth of diversity and its benefits remain unclear. Using biotechnical models of existing farms within the territory of the Vallées de Duyes in the South of France, we propose to simulate various territorial configurations based on the assumption of diversity at farm and territorial scales and assess their expected sustainable properties. Based on the actual configuration of the referenced territory and composed of a set of specialized and mixed farms, two contrasted configurations are tested: from one side, a territory composed of specialized farms and, from the other side, a territory composed of mixed farms. The intrinsic diversity of individual farms impacts their performance and reveals that the resistance to economic shock varies according to the dependence on inputs and the use of rangelands. If mixed farms exhibit high values of diversity indicators for both land use and product provision, they also present high values for the majority of sustainable properties. At a higher scale, the specialized configuration shows the highest resistance to economic shock, but economic performances are lower than the referenced and specialized configurations. Here, we explore for the first time how several types of diversity indicators, both built within and between farms, could affect a set of sustainable properties of farms and territories. These new insights lead to a better understanding of how to balance performance at several scales and design sustainable Mediterranean farming systems.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Mining activities generate significant economic, social, and environmental challenges that affect the sustainability of surrounding local communities. social responsibility is a fundamental mechanism for mitigating negative impacts and improving local well-being. The primary goal of this article was to investigate the ecological consequences of the Las Bambas mining company's operations on the local residents of the Cotabambas community in Peru. METHODS: This research employed a mixed-methods design, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. This study was conducted was characterized as a non-experimental, cross-sectional study aimed at providing explanatory insights. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire (1 = very frequently to 5 = never) was designed, validated, and administered to 377 residents living within the area of influence of a large-scale mining operation. Additionally, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 local authorities and political representatives, supplemented by an observation checklist adapted from previous studies. Four hypotheses were established to examine the relationship between mining operations and their social responsibility initiatives, along with their influence on the adjacent community. FINDINGS: The findings revealed strong associations between mining social responsibility and environmental variables (n = 377, p < 0.05): Rho = 0.610 for residents' perceptions, Rho = 0.575 for water resources, Rho = 0.510 for agricultural production, and Rho = 0.720 for livestock activity. These results imply that activities related to social responsibility are connected to mining, and as a result, they have not adequately addressed environmental degradation, causing detrimental effects on the water, soil, air, flora, and fauna in the surrounding communities, thereby impacting the quality of life of the population. CONCLUSION: Mining social responsibility practices show moderate statistical associations with environmental impact indicators in Cotabambas, with Spearman's correlation coefficients ranging from 0.489 to 0.546 (p-value < 0.05 in all cases). Despite continuous social responsibility efforts, these measures have not successfully alleviated the perceived environmental decline, especially in agricultural production and livestock operations. The evidence underscores the need to strengthen measurable, impact-oriented social responsibility strategies focused on ecological restoration and sustainable rural livelihoods in mining areas

By it‟s natural and human features our country attracts attention. Despite hosting variety of economic activities, Turkey havent‟t succeeded determined level of livestock farming yet. By having the definition of „Insurance of Cultivation‟, livestock farming still far away from being self sufficient economic activity for Turkey with it‟s total number of animals, breed and productiveness. However, every single geographical parts of our country provide opportunity for different kind of livestock farming. Agricultural laws and legislations passed by parliament, unsufficient education level on the subject, exceed number of unmodern facilities, not having necessary health conditions for the livestocks at the facilities and unstaistfying marketing condutions can be counted as the reasons of not being on the targeted level of livestock activities. With its history that dates back a long time, our country holds origins of many different breed of animals. Many areas of our country determined as genetic centrals in order to achieve the goal of develop livestock activities. Unfortunately, results of many trials not only ended up with being below expectations but also gotten far away from being applicable. Using Black Pied Cow breed of Holstein race in application areas predominantly, would be important for both Pinarhisar county and for whole country. Although, considered as one of the underdeveloped district in Turkey in socioeconomic perspective, Pinarhisar also known as a place where the rural activites mainly take place. Economic problems that show themselves on the rural places cause rural poverty on the very same area. This rural poverty mainly based on not make use of the county‟s potential correctly. It‟s very important to determine the potential of livestock farming inside the current farming activity -which is the most important source of income of the county- in details and manifesting strategies to make use of this potential correctly. Hereby, rural areas of county

This report 'Turning the right corner - ensuring development through a low carbon transport sector' emphasizes that developing countries need to transition to a low carbon transport sector now to avoid locking themselves into an unsustainable and costly future. Furthermore, it argues that this transition can be affordable if countries combine policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with broader sector reforms aimed at reducing local air pollution, road safety risks, and congestion. This report looks at relationships between mobility, low carbon transport and development, drawing attention to the inertia in transport infrastructure. It complements the analysis by reviewing how climate change is likely to affect operations and infrastructure, cost-effective measures for minimizing negative effects, and policies and decision frameworks. It further highlights current and projected research findings and examples from developing countries. And it concludes that new technology is not enough, and that urgent action is needed before economies become locked into high-carbon growth. It discusses how to reconcile development with the need to curb emissions, looking at three sets of instruments and their limitations: new technologies and alternative fuels, supply-side measures, and demand-side policies. This report also looks at both available funding, such as carbon financing and international assistance, and at ways to generate new resources, considering that accounting for negative externalities dramatically alters the economics of transport investment.

The proper management of water resources plays a key role in the socioeconomic development of Armenia. On average, Armenia has sufficient water resources. Taking into account all available water resources in the country, Armenia has sufficient resources to supply approximately 3,100 cubic meters per capita per year well above the typically cited Falkenmark water stress indicator of 1,700 cubic meters per capita per year. These water resources are not evenly divided in space and time with significant seasonal and annual variability in river runoff. In order to address temporal variations in river runoff, the country has built 87 dams with a total capacity of 1.4 billion cubic meters. Most of these dams are single purpose, mainly for irrigation. Armenia also has considerable groundwater resources, which play an important role in the overall water balance. About 96 percent of the water used for drinking purposes and about 40 percent of water abstracted in the country comes from groundwater. Irrigation remains the largest consumptive user.

Crop-livestock production systems are the largest cause of human alteration of the global nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles. Our comprehensive spatially explicit inventory of N and P budgets in livestock and crop production systems shows that in the beginning of the 20th century, nutrient budgets were either balanced or surpluses were small; between 1900 and 1950, global soil N surplus almost doubled to 36 trillion grams (Tg)·y −1 and P surplus increased by a factor of 8 to 2 Tg·y −1 . Between 1950 and 2000, the global surplus increased to 138 Tg·y −1 of N and 11 Tg·y −1 of P. Most surplus N is an environmental loss; surplus P is lost by runoff or accumulates as residual soil P. The International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science, and Technology for Development scenario portrays a world with a further increasing global crop (+82% for 2000–2050) and livestock production (+115%); despite rapidly increasing recovery in crop (+35% N recovery and +6% P recovery) and livestock (+35% N and P recovery) production, global nutrient surpluses continue to increase (+23% N and +54% P), and in this period, surpluses also increase in Africa (+49% N and +236% P) and Latin America (+75% N and +120% P). Alternative management of livestock production systems shows that combinations of intensification, better integration of animal manure in crop production, and matching N and P supply to livestock requirements can effectively reduce nutrient flows. A shift in human diets, with poultry or pork replacing beef, can reduce nutrient flows in countries with intensive ruminant production.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are used as a probiotic alternative to antibiotics in livestock production. Microencapsulation technology is widely used for probiotic preservation. A variety of microencapsulation protocols have been proposed and compared based on chemicals and mechanical procedures. This study aimed to develop a double-encapsulated coating from alginate (1.5%) and chitosan (0.5%) by extrusion, emulsion, and spray drying methods using the LAB strains Lactobacillus plantarum strains 31F, 25F, 22F, Pediococcus pentosaceus 77F, and P. acidilactici 72N, and to monitor the basic probiotic properties of the encapsulated prototypes. The final products from each microencapsulation protocol were analysed for their appearance, probiotic properties and viable cell count. Using the spray drying method, particles smaller than 15 μm in diameter with a regular spherical shape were obtained, whereas the other methods produced larger (1.4–52 mm) and irregularly shaped microcapsules. After storage for 6 months at room temperature, the LAB viability of the spray-dried particles was the highest among the three methods. In all the LAB strains examined, the encapsulated LAB retained their probiotic properties in relation to acid-bile tolerance and antibacterial activity. This study highlights the efficacy of double-coating microencapsulation for preserving LAB properties and survival rate, and demonstrates its potential for probiotic application in livestock farms.