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Variation in Intergroup Relationships Among Species and Among and Within Local Populations of African Apes
Although many animals typically defend key resources from conspecifics during encounters, tolerant encounters also occur frequently in some primate species. For example, African apes and humans (Homininae) show large variation in terms of agonistic and affiliative intergroup relationships, and local human communities are formed via a network of affiliative relationships among groups. To understand this variation and its evolution, we need to examine the variation between species, between populations, and within populations. In the genus Pan, both eastern and western chimpanzees commonly express aggressive intergroup relationships, whereas intergroup relationships in bonobos are generally affiliative. In the genus Gorilla, although the proportions of groups with multiple males differ, all subspecies show large overlap of home ranges and both aggressive and affiliative intergroup interactions. Differences in intergroup relationships among local populations of the same (sub)species are limited in both Pan and Gorilla. In contrast, intergroup relationships vary within the same local populations in bonobos, with female dispersal among groups seemingly contributing to the affiliative relationships. Such tendencies in bonobos seem to resemble those in local human communities, where intergroup relationships differ for different combinations of groups and female dispersal among groups plays an important role in affiliative relationships. Intergroup relationships within the same local populations also vary from affiliative to aggressive in all subspecies of gorillas, and kin relations between leading males play important roles in affiliative relationships. Studies of variation in intergroup relationships, the contributions of males and females to such variation, and the genetic structure of local populations might increase our understanding of the evolutionary process underpinning local communities in Homininae.
Journal Article
Scientific and local ecological knowledge, shaping perceptions towards protected areas and related ecosystem services
ContextMost protected areas are managed based on objectives related to scientific ecological knowledge of species and ecosystems. However, a core principle of sustainability science is that understanding and including local ecological knowledge, perceptions of ecosystem service provision and landscape vulnerability will improve sustainability and resilience of social-ecological systems. Here, we take up these assumptions in the context of protected areas to provide insight on the effectiveness of nature protection goals, particularly in highly human-influenced landscapes.ObjectivesWe examined how residents’ ecological knowledge systems, comprised of both local and scientific, mediated the relationship between their characteristics and a set of variables that represented perceptions of ecosystem services, landscape change, human-nature relationships, and impacts.MethodsWe administered a face-to-face survey to local residents in the Sierra de Guadarrama protected areas, Spain. We used bi- and multi-variate analysis, including partial least squares path modeling to test our hypotheses.ResultsEcological knowledge systems were highly correlated and were instrumental in predicting perceptions of water-related ecosystem services, landscape change, increasing outdoors activities, and human-nature relationships. Engagement with nature, socio-demographics, trip characteristics, and a rural–urban gradient explained a high degree of variation in ecological knowledge. Bundles of perceived ecosystem services and impacts, in relation to ecological knowledge, emerged as social representation on how residents relate to, understand, and perceive landscapes.ConclusionsOur findings provide insight into the interactions between ecological knowledge systems and their role in shaping perceptions of local communities about protected areas. These results are expected to inform protected area management and landscape sustainability.
Journal Article
What works in community news : media startups, news deserts, and the future of the fourth estate
\"A groundbreaking study of the journalism startups that are challenging status quos across the country, from an activist video feed in Minneapolis to a watchdog news site in Memphis. A must-read for activists, entrepreneurs, and journalists who want to start local news outlets in their communities\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Moving beyond the human-nature dichotomy through biocultural approaches: including ecological well-being in resilience indicators
Diverse and productive ecosystems and human well-being are too often considered opposing targets. This stems mainly from nature being perceived as separate from culture, which results in resilience indicators that focus predominantly on either ecosystems or humans, and that overlook the interplay between the two. Meanwhile, global targets for biodiversity conservation and human well-being have yet to be satisfactorily achieved. We believe that in order to develop effective, culturally appropriate, and equitable conservation strategies that ensure social-ecological resilience, conservation planners and practitioners must conceive of human and ecological well-beings as an interrelated system. By giving nature a voice, and by viewing nature and people as an undifferentiated whole, some indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLC) have philosophical bases for achieving well-being for both humans and nature. Biocultural approaches to conservation ground management in local knowledges, practices, and ontologies. These approaches encompass both the biological and cultural aspects of a system, address complex relationships and feedbacks within human and ecological well-being, and offer flexible frameworks that facilitate synthesis across different metrics, knowledge systems, and ontologies. The process of developing indicators of resilience with a biocultural approach could help (1) overcome the human–nature dichotomy that often makes global approaches incompatible with local approaches by integrating local peoples’ diverse forms of relating to nature, (2) reflect two-way feedbacks between people and their environment by focusing on processes, not just final states, and (3) define, measure, and monitor ecological and human well-being as a whole. It can also facilitate dialog between IPLCs and global decision-makers who are disconnected from local realities, and between people from a diversity of disciplinary, ontological, and professional backgrounds.
Journal Article
Social license to operate: Factors determining social acceptance among local port community stakeholders
Ports are increasingly facing opposition to their operations as a consequence of the negative externalities they generate. Local community stakeholders, for instance, are often seen to be particularly sensitive to, and vocal about, the local impacts of ports. Considering the influence of external stakeholders on port operations, port authorities have pursued strategies articulated around triple-bottom line impacts and stakeholder engagement, in quest of a ‘social license to operate’. However, to this day, the effectiveness of such strategies is unclear, as the motivations of local communities, in terms of opposing or accepting port operations, remain largely unexplored. We therefore provide here a hypothesized model of social license to operate for the port industry. The model suggests that positive experiences and perceptions of local communities regarding port impacts (economic, environmental, social), and port stakeholder engagement contribute to the acceptance of port activities. Data has been collected by means of an online survey administered to local community stakeholders living in proximity to the four Flemish seaports of Antwerp, Ghent, Ostend, and Zeebrugge. In total, 976 valid responses were collected. To assess the validity of our model, an analysis of relationships between the different variables has been carried out by means of structural equation modeling (SEM). Our results reveal the significant effect of positively perceived and experienced port impacts, and stakeholder engagement, by Flemish local community stakeholders on the acceptance of port operations in Flanders. As such, our findings stress the importance for port authorities of proactively striving for a balanced assessment and execution of negative impact mitigation strategies and local communities’ involvement in their decisions.
Journal Article
Liberalism as utopia : the rise and fall of legal rule in post-colonial Mexico, 1820-1900
\"Liberalism as Utopia challenges widespread perceptions about the weakness of Mexico's nineteenth-century state. Schaefer argues that after the War of Independence non- elite Mexicans - peasants, day laborers, artisans, local merchants - pioneered an egalitarian form of legal rule by serving in the town governments and civic militias that became the local faces of the state's coercive authority. These institutions were effective because they embodied patriarchal norms of labor and care for the family that were premised on the legal equality of male, adult citizens\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Making room for meaningful inclusion of Indigenous and local knowledge in global assessments: our experiences in the values assessment of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
In recognizing the urgent need to address global challenges such as biodiversity loss, food insecurity, and climate change, it is essential to incorporate diverse knowledge systems, including Indigenous worldviews and knowledge of nature. The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) has taken significant steps to integrate Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK) as well as the viewpoints of Indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLC) into its thematic and methodological assessments. This inclusive approach enriches our understanding of nature and enhances our ability to tackle these pressing global issues. The recently published IPBES Report on Diverse Values and Valuation of Nature, also known as the values assessment (VA), includes Indigenous scholars and ILK experts as authors. The VA provides an interdisciplinary synthesis of existing knowledge on the various ways in which humans value nature, as well as the methods and approaches for understanding these values. It also examines the extent to which these values are integrated into decision-making structures and processes. We are a group of Indigenous scholars and ILK experts from the Global South who participated in the VA, specifically in Chapter 3’s “ILK Team.” The value of including IPLC in knowledge-synthesis initiatives is highlighted by our experiences. There are opportunities to improve the inclusion of ILK in similar assessments. The lessons we learned while working at the VA have motivated us to recommend that future assessments and similar initiatives should actively involve IPLC, their knowledge systems, and their ancestral wisdom.
Journal Article