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In Constitutional Principles of Local Self-Government in Europe Giovanni Boggero offers a meticulous account of the defining features of European constitutional local government law using both an international and comparative law perspective.

We study a class of separable sample covariance matrices of the form 𝒬̃1 := à 1/2 X B̃ X* à 1/2. Here, à and B̃ are positive definite matrices whose spectrums consist of bulk spectrums plus several spikes, that is, larger eigenvalues that are separated from the bulks. Conceptually, we call 𝒬̃1 a spiked separable covariance matrix model. On the one hand, this model includes the spiked covariance matrix as a special case with B̃ = I. On the other hand, it allows for more general correlations of datasets. In particular, for spatio-temporal dataset, à and B̃ represent the spatial and temporal correlations, respectively. In this paper, we study the outlier eigenvalues and eigenvectors, that is, the principal components, of the spiked separable covariance model 𝒬̃1. We prove the convergence of the outlier eigenvalues λ̃i and the generalized components (i.e., 〈v, ξ̃i 〉 for any deterministic vector v) of the outlier eigenvectors ξ̃i with optimal convergence rates. Moreover, we also prove the delocalization of the nonoutlier eigenvectors. We state our results in full generality, in the sense that they also hold near the so-called BBP transition and for degenerate outliers. Our results highlight both the similarity and difference between the spiked separable covariance matrix model and the spiked covariance matrix model in (Probab. Theory Related Fields 164 (2016) 459–552). In particular, we show that the spikes of both à and B̃ will cause outliers of the eigenvalue spectrum, and the eigenvectors can help to select the outliers that correspond to the spikes of à (or B̃).

Although administrative law scholars have devoted thousands of law review pages to debating the optimal mix of substantive, procedural, and political constraints on federal agency decisionmaking, when it comes to local administrative agencies, these questions have largely gone unexplored. The lack of attention to local administrative agencies is striking given the sheer breadth of local administration, and the important role that local agencies play in individuals' day-to-day lives. This Article begins to fill this gap. In doing so, it takes as its jumping-off point the familiar set of arguments in federal administrative law about the role of procedures and substantive judicial review in the administrative process, and it considers to what extent these same arguments might apply to local agencies as well. It argues that substantive judicial review may be especially important at the local level, and that many of the concerns that scholars have expressed about the distorting effects of judicial review are less applicable to the local context. At the same time, it argues that procedural requirements—such as notice-and-comment rulemaking—may be much less effective at ensuring the quality of local agency decisionmaking, particularly when procedures are not backed by the threat of substantive judicial review.

The article explores the potential heritage value of the former dormitory complex located at Dożynkowa Street in Poznań, constructed in the 1950s. The study evaluates these buildings in terms of their architectural characteristics, historical context and legal considerations regarding heritage preservation. Despite their role as representatives of socialist-era architecture, the dormitories are characterized by architectural monotony, functionalist design and a lack of distinctive features, which significantly diminishes their artistic and cultural value. The research further examines legal guidelines and criteria for recognizing post-1945 architecture as heritage, including those outlined by the Association of Polish Architects (SARP). The findings indicate that the dormitories do not meet the majority of these criteria due to their uniformity, absence of innovation and loss of authenticity over decades of their use. The article concludes that the architectural and cultural significance of the dormitories is insufficient to justify their designation as heritage buildings. This analysis highlights the broader challenges of assessing the heritage potential of the socialist-era architecture within Poland’s urban landscape, considering both architectural merit and legal frameworks.

We prove edge universality for a general class of correlated real symmetric or complex Hermitian Wigner matrices with arbitrary expectation. Our theorem also applies to internal edges of the self-consistent density of states. In particular, we establish a strong form of band rigidity which excludes mismatches between location and label of eigenvalues close to internal edges in these general models.

Nationally recognized experts analyze how states deal with major constitutional issues. This third and final volume in a series devoted to state constitutions analyzes how these documents address major constitutional issues such as the protection of rights; voting and elections; constitutional change; the legislature; the executive; the judiciary; taxing, spending, and borrowing; local government; education; and the environment. Contributors identify the strengths and weaknesses of current state constitutions, highlight the major issues confronting the states, and assess various approaches for reform.

A new front in the war against sanctuary cities has emerged. Until recently, the fight against sanctuary cities has largely focused on the federal government’s efforts to defund states like California and cities like Chicago and New York for resisting federal immigration enforcement. Thus far, localities have mainly prevailed against this federal anti-sanctuary campaign, relying on federalism protections afforded by the Tenth Amendment’s anticommandeering and anticoercion doctrines. Recently, however, the battle lines have shifted with the proliferation of state-level laws that similarly seek to punish sanctuary cities. States across the country are directly mandating local participation, and courts thus far have upheld those state policies. These laws, like Texas’s S.B. 4, prohibit local sanctuary policies and impose severe punishments on the cities and officials that support them. This new state-versus-local terrain has doctrinal, political, and normative implications for the future of local government resistance to immigration enforcement. These implications have thus far been undertheorized in immigration-law scholarship. This Essay seeks to change that. This Essay is the first to focus on this emerging wave of state anti-sanctuary laws. In so doing, it makes three contributions. First, descriptively, the Essay documents the upsurge of anti-sanctuary laws that have appeared across the United States and explains how they differ from prior anti-sanctuary laws. Second, doctrinally, it argues that the passage of these laws nudges sanctuary cities to uncharted legal territory in immigration law—localism. Under conventional localism principles, state anti-sanctuary laws are in a position to more fully quash local sanctuary policies and effectively conscript local officials into federal immigration enforcement. However, the draconian structure of state anti-sanctuary laws provides a unique context in which to advance what we call “immigration localism” claims and protect three distinct interests that concern local governments: structural integrity, accountability, and local democracy. Third, normatively, this Essay contends that immigration localism provides a more accurate descriptive and theoretical account of how current immigration enforcement operates and promotes community engagement with immigration enforcement. Specifically, the reorientation toward localism accounts for the powerful role that cities play in immigration enforcement and decenters the federal government’s dominant role in that enforcement. To be sure, this Essay recognizes that casting a theoretical gaze toward local discretion may end up emboldening the most exclusionary impulses of localities and supporting local anti-sanctuary policies. In the long run, however, local discretion in immigration enforcement is likely to better serve the interests of noncitizens and citizens alike.

We consider large random matrices X with centered, independent entries, which have comparable but not necessarily identical variances. Girko’s circular law asserts that the spectrum is supported in a disk and in case of identical variances, the limiting density is uniform. In this special case, the local circular law by Bourgade et al. [Probab. Theory Related Fields 159 (2014) 545–595; Probab. Theory Related Fields 159 (2014) 619–660] shows that the empirical density converges even locally on scales slightly above the typical eigenvalue spacing. In the general case, the limiting density is typically inhomogeneous and it is obtained via solving a system of deterministic equations. Our main result is the local inhomogeneous circular law in the bulk spectrum on the optimal scale for a general variance profile of the entries of X.

We consider the local eigenvalue distribution of large self-adjoint N × N random matrices H = H ∗ with centered independent entries. In contrast to previous works the matrix of variances s i j = E | h i j | 2 is not assumed to be stochastic. Hence the density of states is not the Wigner semicircle law. Its possible shapes are described in the companion paper (Ajanki et al. in Quadratic Vector Equations on the Complex Upper Half Plane. arXiv:1506.05095 ). We show that as N grows, the resolvent, G ( z ) = ( H - z ) - 1 , converges to a diagonal matrix, diag ( m ( z ) ) , where m ( z ) = ( m 1 ( z ) , ⋯ , m N ( z ) ) solves the vector equation - 1 / m i ( z ) = z + ∑ j s i j m j ( z ) that has been analyzed in Ajanki et al. (Quadratic Vector Equations on the Complex Upper Half Plane. arXiv:1506.05095 ). We prove a local law down to the smallest spectral resolution scale, and bulk universality for both real symmetric and complex hermitian symmetry classes.