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"Labor demand Brazil."
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Trade Liberalization and Regional Dynamics
We study the evolution of trade liberalization's effects on Brazilian local labor markets. Regions facing larger tariff cuts experienced prolonged declines informal sector employment and earnings relative to other regions. The impact of tariff changes on regional earnings 20 years after liberalization was three times the effect after 10 years. These increasing effects on regional earnings are inconsistent with conventional spatial equilibrium models, which predict declining effects due to spatial arbitrage. We investigate potential mechanisms, finding empirical support for a mechanism involving imperfect interregional labor mobility and dynamics in labor demand, driven by slow capital adjustment and agglomeration economies. This mechanism gradually amplifies the effects of liberalization, explaining the slow adjustment path of regional earnings and quantitatively accounting for the magnitude of the long-run effects.
Journal Article
Refugee Inflow and Labor Market Outcomes in Brazil
The impact of a large influx of refugees (or migrants) on the local labor market has long been an important topic among economists. In this study, we investigate the economic impact of the Venezuelan migrant inflow on labor market outcomes in Brazil. We employ the synthetic control method to exploit the concentration of a large inflow of Venezuelans in the Brazilian state of Roraima, which shares a land border with Venezuela. Results indicate that the inflow of Venezuelan refugees lowered labor force participation and employment rate but did not have a significant impact on hourly wages in Brazil. Our estimates show that labor force participation among less educated individuals decreased by a larger magnitude, while females lost jobs in informal and self-employed sectors. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the short-term economic consequences of hosting refugees in developing countries.
Journal Article
Regional Effects of Trade Reform: What is the Correct Measure of Liberalization?
A growing body of research examines the regional effects of trade liberalization using a weighted average of trade policy changes across industries. This paper develops a specific-factors model of regional economies that provides a theoretical foundation for this intuitively appealing empirical approach and also provides guidance on treatment of the nontraded sector. In the context of Brazil's early 1990s trade liberalization, I find that regions facing a 10 percentage point larger liberalization-induced price decline experienced a 4 percentage point larger wage decline. The results also confirm the empirical relevance of appropriately dealing with the nontraded sector. (JEL F13, F16, O19, O24)
Journal Article
Gendered mobility and violence in the São Paulo metro, Brazil
With about 12 million inhabitants, São Paulo, Brazil, is the largest city in South America. As in many other major southern hemisphere cities, this extreme concentration of people imposes a number of mobility and security challenges. The objective of this article was to investigate the space-time patterns of mobility and violent victimisation in São Paulo’s metro stations from a gender perspective. The methodology combines use of a Geographical Information System (GIS), statistical analysis through negative binomial regression modelling and hypothesis testing. Results indicate that mobility and the level of victimisation are gender dependent. Women are at higher risk of victimisation than men in São Paulo’s central metro station, while men run higher risk of violence at end stations – both notably during late night periods. The presence of employees reduces the risk of violence, except during the mornings. The article suggests that crime prevention initiatives need to be gender informed and sensitive to the particular spatial and temporal features of rapid transit environments.
巴西圣保罗市约有1200万居民，是南美洲最大的城市。如同南半球许多其他主要城市一样，人口的极度集中带来了许多流动性和安全挑战。本文的目的是从性别的角度研究圣保罗地铁站的流动性和暴力受害的时空模式。我们的方法结合了地理信息系统的使用、通过负二项式回归模型的统计分析和假设检验。结果表明，流动性和受害程度取决于性别。圣保罗市中心地铁站的女性受害风险高于男性，而男性在终点站遭受暴力的风险更高。这两种情况在深夜尤其突出。除了早晨以外，工作人员的存会降低暴力风险。本文建议，预防犯罪举措需要考虑性别，并对快速交通环境的特定空间和时间特征保持敏感。
Journal Article
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the hours lost by self-employed racial minorities
Drawing on minority enclave theory and resilience theory in entrepreneurship, we test whether, with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the self-employed lost more hours than the employed and whether traditionally disadvantaged self-employed racial minorities faced harsher penalties in the form of reduced hours of work. Though spatially concentrated ethnic minority colocations could improve business outcomes in the non-crisis period, with the pandemic affecting all the members in the enclave, the very dependencies in minority enclaves could be a liability. Using a large-scale survey during the COVID-19 pandemic conducted by the Brazilian government, we draw on a one-to-one nearest neighbor matched pair sample of 19,626 employed (public or private sector) and self-employed individuals, and control for industry-sector-interview-location fixed effects. The results show that self-employed people, compared to employed, reported a greater loss of hours. At the sample level, black self-employed people on aggregate lost 9,051 hours per month, and mixed race self-employed people on aggregate lost 27,880 hours per month. The disproportionate loss of work hours by the self-employed from racial minority groups during the COVID-19 pandemic in a developing country context calls for a closer examination and assessment of the long-term impact of COVID-19 on racial minorities.
Large-scale evidence from Brazil: racial minorities lost more hours per month than other groups during the COVID-19 pandemic. Racial minorities face systemic discrimination in setting up and developing their businesses, especially in developing countries. We test whether during the COVID-19 pandemic self-employed racial minorities in Brazil lost more hours of work relative to employed racial minorities. We create a matched sample of employed and self-employed individuals based on age, sex, education categories, COVID-19 self-reported symptom index, income deciles, house ownership categories, week of the interview, state of the interview, and industry. We find that across racial minority groups, the hours lost by the self-employed were substantive during the pandemic, signaling that Brazilian policymakers should pay greater attention to the relief funds allocated to and policies geared towards self-employed racial minorities.
Journal Article
Development Effects of Electrification: Evidence from the Topographic Placement of Hydropower Plants in Brazil
We estimate the development effects of electrification across Brazil over the period 1960-2000. We simulate a time series of hypothetical electricity grids for Brazil for the period 1960-2000 that show how the grid would have evolved had infrastructure investments been made based solely on geography-based cost considerations. Using the model as an instrument, we document large positive effects of electrification on development that are underestimated when one fails to account for endogenous targeting. Broad-based improvement in labor productivity across sectors and regions rather than general equilibrium re-sorting appears to be the likely mechanism by which these development gains are realized.
Journal Article
Gender and commuting time in São Paulo Metropolitan Region
Gender differentials in commuting have been reported in the literature, often couched within the household responsibility hypothesis. This hypothesis attributes shorter commutes to females due to a disproportionate load of household responsibilities. The objective of the present study is to report research regarding commuting time in São Paulo Metropolitan Region, in Brazil. Based on microdata from the Demographic Census of 2010 the focus of the present study is on the role of marital status and presence of dependents on gender differentials in commuting time. Specifically, the research seeks to determine whether there is empirical support in this region for the household responsibility hypothesis. The results suggest that marital status exerts a stronger influence on the commuting time of working women, with the number of dependents (children and elderly) exerting a smaller influence on commuting time. Gender differentials are observed also for single and formerly married working females, which suggests other cultural or environmental factors not fully captured by the household responsibility hypothesis. Most studies, however, are set in North America. This research contributes towards the development of a broader, international knowledge foundation regarding gender and commuting patterns.
Journal Article
Using best–worst scaling to identify barriers to walkability: a study of Porto Alegre, Brazil
This paper pursues three goals: (1) determining the relative importance of built environment barriers limiting walkability, (2) analyzing the existence of an asymmetry in the way people evaluate positive and negative built environment characteristics, and (3) identifying solutions to tackle the main barriers and quantify their impact in walkability. A best–worst scaling survey was developed to compare the importance of eight different attributes of the built environment regarding walkability. Model results show an asymmetry negative–positive in the judgment and choice of built environment characteristics that promote and impede walkability. The most important barriers, obtained from worst responses, are connectivity, topography, sidewalk surface and absence of policemen. Walkability scores were computed for different neighbourhoods and different policy scenarios were forecasted. Simulation results from the worst responses indicate that improvements in sidewalk quality, along with an increase in the number of police officers, lead to an 85% increase in the walkability score for the lower income neighbourhoods.
Journal Article
Health demands and care of children with congenital Zika syndrome and their mothers in a Brazilian state
Background
A Zika virus (ZIKV) infection outbreak occurred in Brazil in 2015, accompanied by a marked increase in the number of newborns presenting with microcephaly and other neurological disorders. This characteristic set of birth defects was later termed congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). The therapeutic itinerary of mothers and children infected by ZIKV can be determined by several factors, including the relationship established with existing healthcare services. Here, we aimed to describe and analyze the extent to which children with CZS, born from 2015 to 2018 in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and their mothers were treated according to the guidelines established by the Brazilian Ministry of Health.
Methods
This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that considered all children (and respective mothers) with confirmed or suspected CZS born in Mato Grosso do Sul. Children and their mothers were identified based on all suspected or confirmed cases of congenital anomalies in Mato Grosso do Sul that were reported to the Registry of Public Health Events. We analyzed data on the epidemiological profile of mother-child pairs and the care received by them. Data were summarized using statistical descriptive analysis.
Results
We showed that most mothers were white women (57%) with low income. Among pregnant women, 73% had a diagnosis of fever caused by ZIKV infection at a primary health care institution (PHCI), but only 36% received the necessary information regarding the risk of CZS. Over a third (36%) of the mothers did not receive guidance about childcare follow-up and 73% did not receive guidance regarding the availability of social support after childbirth. Gaps in medical care were observed mainly in pregnant women treated at a PHCI. Specialized assistance for children was adequate in most cases. Psychosocial support was not made available to women throughout their therapeutic itineraries.
Conclusions
Here, we identified gaps in the care of families and children with disabilities, which can have an important impact on their quality of life. Beyond protocols, practical interventions must cover all the needs that arise throughout the therapeutic itineraries not only of children but also of pregnant women and mothers.
Journal Article