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"Labor laws and legislation Turkey."
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Twenty-Two Cents an Hour
In Twenty-Two Cents an
Hour , Doug Crandell uncovers the harsh
reality of people with disabilities in the United States who are
forced to work in unethical conditions for subminimum wages with
little or no opportunity to advocate for themselves, while wealthy
CEOs grow even wealthier as a direct result.
As recently as 2016, the United States Congress enacted
bipartisan legislation which continued to allow workers with
disabilities to legally be paid far lower than the federal minimum
wage. Drawing on ongoing federal Department of Justice lawsuits,
the horrifying story of Henry's Turkey Farm in Iowa, and more,
Crandell shows the history of the policies that have led to these
unjust outcomes, examines who benefits from this legislation, and
asks important questions about the rise of a disability industrial
complex. Exposing this complex-which is rooted in profit, lobbying,
and playing on the emotions of workers' parents and families, as
well as the public-Crandell challenges readers to reexamine how we
treat some of our most vulnerable fellow citizens. Twenty-Two
Cents an Hour forces the reader to face the reality of this
exploitation, and builds the framework needed for reform.
eBook
Restrictions on temporary employment and informality among young: evidence from Turkey
Temporary employment is widely used in European countries for new hires to avoid strict employment protection legislation against dismissal of permanent workers. In this respect, temporary employment works as an extended probation period enabling employers to monitor the productivity of new entrants. However, the use of temporary contracts is quite limited in Turkey due to legal restrictions. We argue that the restrictions on temporary employment together with rigid job security provisions for permanent employees lead to a rise in informality among young. To test this hypothesis, we use the variation between industries in terms of the gap between the desired and actual share of temporary workers among young. Since desired share is not observed, we proxy it with the share in Germany, where legislation on temporary employment is loose and informality is negligible. We estimate a probit model using individual level data from the Household Labor Force Survey for the period 2009–2018. We find that restrictions on temporary employment increase informality among male and under-educated workers in Turkey. Our results are robust to using other countries with loose regulations on temporary employment. We should note that our results do not imply that informality merely comes from restrictions on temporary employment.
Journal Article
Reluctance to report criminal incidents: limited access to justice, social exclusion, and gender
Measures of access to justice mainly use indicators from judicial statistics or legislation whereas subjective perceptions or attitudes are often measured by survey questions related to judicial services. Using Turkey’s Life Satisfaction Survey, we consider reluctance to report an experienced criminal incident, which is a factual statement, as an objective indicator affecting demand for and access to justice. We identify correlates of reluctance to report and find that poor socio-economic status is negatively associated with the probability of reporting a criminal incident, and that the impact is greater for women. Perceived social pressures related to gender and level of income adversely affect their probability of reporting, whereas men are not affected by social pressure in their decision to report criminal incidents. We then relate the probability of reluctance to report to the probability of giving a no opinion response to questions on perceptions of satisfaction with judicial services. We find that the two are correlated, providing evidence for the relationship between exclusion from access to justice and voice.
Journal Article
Environmental hazards associated with open-beach breaking of end-of-life ships: a review
End-of-life (EOL) ships contribute significantly to the flow of recycled industrial Fe and non-Fe metal materials in resource-poor developing countries. The ship scrapping (breaking) and recycling industry (SBRI) recycles 90–95% of the total weight of EOL ships and is currently concentrated in Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Turkey, and China, due to the high demand for recyclable and reusable materials there, an abundance of low-cost labor, and lenient environmental regulations. However, the SBRI has long been criticized for non-compliance with standards relating to occupational health, labor safety, and to the management of hazardous materials. Among the different EOL recycling options, Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan use open beaching, a technique that exposes all spheres of the environment to the release of hazardous materials from EOL ships. This article summarizes the current state of knowledge on the environmental exposure of hazardous materials from SBRI, to judge the risks associated with the dismantling of EOL ships on open beaches. Our work includes an overview of the industry and its recent growth, compares available ship-breaking methods, provides an inventory of hazardous releases from EOL ships, and reviews their movement into different spheres of the environment. The economic dynamics behind openbeaching, and apportionment of responsibility for hazards related to it, are discussed, in order to generate policy and legal recommendations to mitigate the environmental harm stemming from this industry.
Journal Article
Labor productivity losses over western Turkey in the twenty-first century as a result of alteration in WBGT
Occupational fatalities and work-related injuries are more common in Turkey than in most developing and developed countries. Several precautions have been taken concerning the matter, and The Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSL
2012
) has been passed. These efforts, however, have failed to incorporate in their framework the role of global warming. New legislation is underway for the prevention of occupational diseases, injuries, and fatalities. This is particularly worrisome given that Turkey is in the forefront of countries projected to be affected seriously by climate change. Consequently, a study on the direct and indirect impact of climate change on workers' health and labour productivity is paramount. The main purpose of this research is to present diminishing labour productivity as a consequence of decreased working hours via an estimate of rest hours of workers in manual labour. The climatic outputs of Regional Climate Model (RegCM3) obtained from the ENSEMBLES Project are used to calculate the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) over western Turkey. The study covers the span of years between 1971 and 2100. Moreover, spatial distributions of observed domain are estimated by means of a seasonal analysis, preliminary to a more detailed research. Critical regions, more adversely influenced than others, are identified. The total number of loss days for these critical regions are presented for various time periods. As a result, labour productivity particularly in agriculture and construction is expected to diminish seriously over Central Anatolia, Cyprus, and parts of the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean coastal areas. Between 2071 and 2100, deficiency in labour productivity may reach up to 52 % during the summer across some of these critical regions. Though it will be seen that the present study has focused primarily on manual labour and outdoor work in particular, it foreshadows nevertheless the dangerous impact of climate change on occupational health and labour productivity in general.
Journal Article
Factors that influence attitude and enforcement of the smoke-free law in Turkey: a survey of hospitality venue owners and employees
IntroductionIn 2009, Turkey extended the smoke-free legislation to hospitality venues. Compliance, however, remains low in some hospitality venues. We identified characteristics associated with knowledge of health effects that can be prevented by the smoke-free law, the attitude towards and enforcement of the law.MethodsIn 2014, we conducted 400 interviews with hospitality venue owners and employees in 7 cities in Turkey. The venues were identified based on a random sampling strategy in a previous phase of the study.ResultsOver one-third (37.3%) of hospitality owners and employees had adequate knowledge of the health effects from secondhand smoke (SHS), 71.3% had a positive attitude towards the law and 19.5% had personally enforced the law. Participants who worked 70 hours or more per week were more likely to have a positive attitude towards the law. Older individuals, women, participants working in bars/nightclubs, venue owners receiving fines for non-compliance and current smokers were less likely to have a positive attitude towards the law. Participants working in traditional coffee houses, former smokers, and participants with a high school education or greater were more likely to enforce the law. Smokers who quit or reduced smoking because of the law were more likely to enforce the law compared with those who were not influenced by the law.ConclusionsAlthough the attitude towards the law was positive, interventions are needed to increase knowledge on the health effects of SHS and facilitate enforcement of the law, particularly among subgroups less likely to have a positive attitude and enforce the law.
Journal Article
Review of Explicit Family Policies in Turkey from a Systemic Perspective
In the last decade, Turkey has been going through rapid and extensive change in policies, laws and regulations. Most has stirred substantial public debate. Although the constitution Article 41 openly states the importance of government’s role in regulating family life, very limited explicit debate around family policy issues are evident. We discuss current day direct family policies and evaluate the status of these policies from a systemic perspective. In so doing, we review the current Turkish Civil Code as well as the Law on the Protection of the Family, the relevant parts of the labor law and the healthcare policy.
Journal Article
The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on poverty among Syrian refugees in Turkey
It is a global phenomenon that poverty is an everyday experience which can, however, be found universally amongst minorities, refugees and lower class migrants. All of these groups have in common the lack of access to a ‘normal life’ – an experience which can be even worse in countries where local hostilities are high due to economic scarcity and systemic racism. In this article, the author ranges widely over the poverty confronting refugees in Turkey who have fled the Syrian civil war, not least against the background of the country’s own opaque and inadequate legislation on refugees, which offers only temporary protection and greater precariousness as a result of the lack of formal employment opportunities; the continuing inequalities stemming from neoliberalism; the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic; and amidst the country’s own extraordinary politics. Focusing in particular on the decline experienced in the pandemic in terms of access to education and the decline in access to healthcare, the article concludes that providing real support for the poor is not realistic under existing political and economic approaches.
Journal Article
The Neoliberal Restructuring of Turkey's Social Security System
Argues that the Law on Social Security & General Health Insurance enacted under the leadership of the Justice & Development Party (JDP) represents a significant step in the process of commodification of social security & public health in Turkey. It is asserted that the JDP has synthesized Islam & Turkish nationalism into a neoliberal framework. The JDP saw the Turkish social security system suffering from high costs & fragmentation & that the system rendered the labor market less flexible. The JDP's legislative actions leading up to the new social security law are traced before critically examining the substance of the Law on Social Security & General Health Insurance. It is contended that the law deepens Turkish patriarchy, whereby women remain the most disadvantaged group, & capital's domination under the guise of equality & liberty, defined in market terms. It is argued that, ultimately, the JDP's effort to correct the financial balance of the social security system has been to shift the burden to the insured while not resolving the key flaws in the former system. Adapted from the source document.
Journal Article