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"Labor mobility Great Britain."
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Gender, Migration and the Dual Career Household
This book explores the gender issues associated with international migration in dual career households. Adopting a feminist approach, the author links research in economics, sociology, management and business and human geography to explore post-industrial managerial and professional careers. Particular emphasis is placed on the way in which social mobility and spatial mobility are entwined. The author explores the location and mobility decisions of dual career households, examining their personal and household biographies as well as published statistics. Of essential interest to scholars of human geography, sociology and gender studies, this book will also interest those working in organizational, migration and urban studies.
Irene Hardill is Professor of Economic Geography at Nottingham Trent University.
1. Social and Spacial Mobility in a Global Economy 2. Households, Careers and Decision Making 3. Defining Status and Success through the Pursuit of a Career 4. Defining Status and Success through Residential Property 5. The Blurring of Boundaries between Home and Work 6. Spatial Mobility within the Education System 7. Organizational Careers: Patriarchy and Expatriate Work 8. Professional Careers and Skilled International Migration: Case Studies of Health Care Professionals 9. Dual Career Couples and the New Economy
eBook
Building Sustainable Communities: Spatial Policy and Labour Mobility in Post-War Britain
A study of sustainability and economic competitiveness in community planning in the UK as practiced by the Labour government since World War II, looking at the broader political ideas and ideals that have underpinned labor market practices in that period.
Book Chapter
Building sustainable communities
In 2003 the Labour Government published its ambitious Sustainable Communities Plan. It promised to bring about a 'step change' in the English planning system and a new emphasis on the construction of more balanced, cohesive, and competitive places. This book uses historical and contemporary materials to document the ways in which policy-makers, in different eras, have sought to use state powers and regulations to create better, more balanced, and sustainable communities and citizens. It charts the changes that have take place in community-building policy frameworks, place imaginations, and core spatial policy initiatives in the UK since 1945. In so doing, it examines the tensions that have emerged within spatial policy over the types of places that should be created and the forms of mobility and fixity required to create them. It also shows that there are significant lessons that can be learnt from the experiences of the past. These can be used to inform contemporary policy debates over issues such as migration, uneven development, key worker housing, and sustainability. The book will be an important text for students and researchers in geography, urban studies, planning, and modern social history. It will also be of interest to practitioners working in central and local government, voluntary organisations, community groups, and those involved in the planning and design of sustainable communities.
eBook
long shadow cast by childhood physical and mental problems on adult life
In this article we assess and compare long-term adult socioeconomic status impacts from having experienced psychological and physical health problems in childhood. To do so, we use unique prospective data from the British National Child Development Study, a continuing panel study of a cohort of 17,634 children born in Great Britain during a single week in March 1958. To date there have been nine waves for this birth cohort to monitor their physical, educational, and social development, during childhood (at birth and 7, 11, and 16 y) and adulthood (age 23, 33, 42, 46, and 50 y). Excellent contemporaneous information exists throughout childhood on physical and psychological health, captured by doctor and nurse-led medical examinations and detailed parental and teacher questionnaires. This information is combined with a wealth of contemporaneous information on adult health and economic experiences collected from cohort members. Information includes their economic circumstances (earnings, labor supply, and other sources of family income), physical and psychological health, and relationship status. Large effects are found due to childhood psychological problems on the ability of affected children to work and earn as adults and on intergenerational and within-generation social mobility. Adult family incomes are reduced by 28% by age 50 y, with sustained impacts on labor supply, marriage stability, and the conscientiousness and agreeableness components of the \"Big Five\" personality traits. Effects of psychological health disorders during childhood are far more important over a lifetime than physical health problems.
Journal Article
Does better job accessibility help people gain employment? The role of public transport in Great Britain
The combined decentralisation of many firms and services and the increasing concentration of traditional public transport services in the main corridors of urban centres have made it more difficult for people to access jobs, in particular when residing outside these prime accessibility areas. This is the first national study within the context of Great Britain to examine whether better public transport job accessibility, modelled at the micro level of individuals, improves employment probabilities for people living in Great Britain. While previous studies have typically concentrated on US metropolitan areas, our study uses British national employment micro datasets to assess which urban and rural areas and population groups would benefit from better public transport services. In an important departure from most standard accessibility methodologies, we computed a public transport job accessibility measure applied nationwide and combined this with individual-level employment probability models for Great Britain. The models were corrected for endogeneity by applying an instrumental variable approach. The study finds that better public transport job accessibility improves individual employment probabilities, in particular in metropolitan areas and smaller cities and towns with lower car ownership rates and in low-income neighbourhoods. It further shows that mainly lower educated groups and young people would benefit from better public transport job accessibility. The findings in this study are important for policymakers in that they imply that, in particular, job seekers who rely on public transport services may benefit from more targeted public policies to improve their accessibility to employment and thereby their social mobility.
众多企业和服务机构的分散化，以及传统公共交通服务日益集中在城市中心的主要走廊， 这两个因素降低了人们所享有的工作可及性，特别是当他们居住在这些交通设施的主要覆 盖区域之外时。这是在英国范围内进行的第一项全国性研究，旨在以个人微观层面为模型 调查更好的公共交通工作可及性是否能提高英国居民的就业概率。以前的研究通常关注美 国大都市地区，但我们的研究使用英国国家就业微观数据集来评估哪些城乡地区和人口群 体将受益于更好的公共交通服务。与大多数标准可及性研究方法的一个重要区别是，我们 计算了一个适用于英国全国的公共交通工作可及性指标，并将其与个人层面的就业概率模 型相结合。我们通过应用工具变量方法对模型进行内生性校正。研究发现，更好的公共交 通工作可及性提高了个人就业概率，特别是在大都市地区、汽车拥有率较低的小城镇、以 及低收入社区。这进一步表明，受益于更好的公共交通就业可及性的主要是受教育程度较 低的群体和年轻人。这项研究的结果对政策制定者很重要，因为这意味着，依赖公共交通 服务的求职者将特别受益于更有针对性的公共政策，这些政策旨在改善他们获得就业的机 会，从而提高他们的社会流动性。
Journal Article
State Power and the Emergence of Free Movement in Europe
This article investigates the origins and evolution of the European free movement regime. It argues that free movement emerged as a mechanism to contain state control over human mobility in post-war Europe. The study highlights Germany’s pivotal role in advocating for liberal migration policies to rebuild trust and overcome wartime suspicions, contrasting with more restrictive approaches from other states like France and Britain. The article is structured into three main sections: The first section examines the push for free movement driven by Germany’s economic and political motives. The second section explores the regime’s development within the European Community framework, emphasising the flexibility and differentiation that allowed gradual acceptance by reluctant states. The third section, delves into the persistent tensions and opposition faced by the regime, particularly concerning low-skilled migration, culminating in significant events like Brexit. Through archival records and historical analysis, the article reassesses the free movement regime’s trajectory, highlighting the interplay between state power, integration frameworks, and labour market tensions.
Journal Article
Linked lives and constrained spatial mobility: the case of moves related to separation among families with children
Following considerable social and demographic change over the past six decades, macro-social theories have attempted to explain contemporary society through trends of weakening traditional institutions (e.g. state, church and family) and certainties (e.g. life-long full-time work and marriage) and growing self-articulation, individualisation, destandardisation and uncertainty. At the same time, new theories and discourses on population movement have emerged, in which emphasis is placed on mobility as both an empowering personal choice and a dominant process of modernity. The contemporary ubiquity of separation, and the corresponding rise of single-person and lone-parent households, is often proposed as one of the clearest articulations of instability, individualisation and weakening of the family. However, through regression-based modelling of geocoded British Household Panel Survey data, we use the compelling case of moves related to separation among families to demonstrate how: (1) links between related individuals can simultaneously trigger, shape and constrain (im)mobility; (2) linked lives can intersect in important ways with social, institutional and geographical structures; and (3) linked postseparation (im)mobility outcomes can often contradict individually-stated pre-separation preferences. Controlling for a range of multilevel characteristics, we find significant gender distinctions, with fathers more likely to leave the family home than mothers, and mothers less likely to break with post-separation familial proximity than fathers. Structural factors including housing-market geographies and population density are found to further shape these (im)mobility patterns. Together, our empirical analysis suggests that family dissolution will rarely herald a period of heightened individualisation, self-determination and unencumbered mobility. Indeed, a wider appreciation of the rise of non-traditional households, their complex linked lives and associated constraints could contribute to more realistic explanations of modern (im)mobility patterns and processes.
Journal Article
Stepping-stones or traps? the consequences of labour market entry positions on future careers in West Germany, Great Britain and Italy
This article addresses the question of whether the first job functions as a 'stepping stone' or as a 'trap'. It does so by using individual longitudinal data to estimate the consequences on future occupational attainment of entry into the labour market via (a) 'under-qualified' jobs or (b) via temporary contracts. A cross-national comparison of West Germany, Great Britain and Italy allows assessment of the impact of different labour market structures on this allocation process. With regard to 'under-qualified' positions, the findings are not consistent with the stepping-stone hypothesis but provide some support for the entrapment hypothesis. Despite the greater mobility chances of over-qualified workers, the initial disadvantage associated with status-inadequate jobs is not fully overcome during their future careers. The article shows, however, that the negative effects are not due to the mismatch as such but rather to the relatively lower level positions. These effects are mediated by the national labour market structure, with the British flexible model providing the best chances of making up for initial disadvantages, and the more tightly regulated and segmented markets in Germany and Italy leading to stronger entrapment in lower status positions. No negative effects of the type of contract are found for later occupational positions in any of the countries.
Journal Article
Service Provision and Migration
Service Provision and Migration provides a thorough overview of EU and WTO service trade liberalization related to movement of natural persons (GATS Mode 4) and the implementation of the resulting obligations within Dutch and UK immigration law.
eBook