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"Labor unions and youth."
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Is NZNO relevant to young nurses?
Examines the benefits that membership of the NZ Nurses Organisation (NZNO) has brought to younger nurses, those under 35, noting examples of union actions that have directly benefitted them. Relates the author's experiences of belonging to the NZNO as a younger nurse, noting early feelings of disengagement with the union. Advocates improving communication and developing a youth network to improve the engagement of younger nurses with the union. Source: National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa, licensed by the Department of Internal Affairs for re-use under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 New Zealand Licence.
Journal Article
Popcorn, Pickets, and Brass-bands: Young Workers' Organising in the Cinema Industry 2003-2006
Since the Employment Contracts Act in 1991, the New Zealand union movement has become significantly smaller and less powerful. The service and retail sectors, where many workers get their first jobs, often have no union tradition. How to organise young workers and how to rebuild unionism in the service industries are two of the most important questions facing the New Zealand union movement. Movie theatres were one of the many service-based workplaces that were de-unionised in the period after 1991. In April 2002, Reading Cinemas opened a new movie theatre in Wellington. In November 2003, workers were paid at the New Zealand minimum wage rates of $8.50 for over 18 year olds and $6.80 for under 18 year olds, and there were no union members at Reading cinemas. Over the next few months, 95% of Reading workers joined the union, and a year later, these workers took industrial action, voted 100% for a strike, and won a collective agreement. This article will undertake a qualitative analysis of the unionisation at Reading and the dispute that followed and to explore what this workplace can add to our understanding of young workers in unions.
Journal Article
The cash dividend : the rise of cash transfer programs in Sub-Saharan Africa
The results of the review do not disappoint. The authors identified more than 120 cash transfer programs that were implemented between 2000 and mid-2009 in Sub-Saharan Africa. These programs have varying objectives, targeting, scale, conditions, technologies, and more. A sizable number of these programs conducted robust impact evaluations that provide important information, presented here, on the merits of cash transfer programs and their specific design features in the African context. The authors present summary information on programs, often in useful graphs, and provide detailed reference material in the appendixes. They highlight how many of the cash transfer programs in Africa that had not yet begun implementation at the time of writing will continue to provide important evaluation results that will guide the design of cash transfer programs in the region. In addition to presenting data and analysis on the mechanics of the programs, the authors discuss issues related to political economy. They highlight the importance of addressing key tradeoffs in cash transfers, political will, and buy-in, and they emphasize the need to build evidence-based debates on cash transfer programs. Useful anecdotes and discussion illustrate how some programs have dealt with these issues with varying degrees of success. This text will serve as a useful reference for years to come for those interested in large- and small-scale issues of cash transfer implementation, both in Africa and beyond. However, the book is not an end in itself. It also raises important questions that must be addressed and knowledge gaps that must be filled. Therefore, it is useful both in the information it provides and in the issues and questions it raises.
eBook
Stuck at a crossroads? The duration of the Italian school-to-work transition
PurposeThere is a long period from completing studies to finding a permanent or temporary (but at least satisfactory) job in all European countries, especially in Mediterranean countries, including Italy. This paper aims to study the determinants of this duration and measure them, for the first time in a systematic way, in the case of Italy.Design/methodology/approachThis paper provides several measures of duration, including education level and other criteria. Furthermore, it attempts to identify the main determinants of the long Italian transition, both at a macroeconomic and an individual level. It tests for omitted heterogeneity of those who are stuck at this important crossroads in their life within the context of parametric survival models.FindingsThe average duration of the school-to-work transition for young people aged 18–34 years was 2.88 years (or 34.56 months) in 2017. A shorter duration was found for the highly educated; they found a job on average 46 months earlier than those with compulsory education. At a macroeconomic level, the duration over the years 2004–2017 was inversely related to spending in the labour market policy and in education, gross domestic product growth and the degree of trade union density; however, it was directly related to the proportion of temporary contracts. At the individual level, being a woman, a migrant or living in a densely populated area in the South are the risk factors for remaining stuck in the transition. After correcting for omitted heterogeneity, there is clear evidence of positive duration dependence.Practical implicationsPositive duration dependence suggests that focusing on education and labour policy, rather than labour flexibility, is the best way to smooth the transition.Originality/valueThis study develops our understanding of the Italian school-to-work transition regime by providing new and detailed evidence of its duration and by studying its determinants.
Journal Article
WAGE EFFECTS OF UNIONIZATION AND OCCUPATIONAL LICENSING COVERAGE IN THE UNITED STATES
Recent estimates in standard models of wage determination for both unionization and occupational licensing have shown wage effects that are similar across the two institutions. These cross-sectional estimates use specialized data sets, with small sample sizes, for the period 2006 to 2008. The authors' analysis examines the impact of unions and licensing coverage on wage determination using new data collected on licensing statutes that are then linked to longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2010. They develop several approaches, using both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, to measure the impact of these two labor market institutions on wage determination. The estimates of the economic returns to union coverage are greater than those for licensing statutes.
Journal Article
Sub-national union coverage and the youth's labor market outcomes: evidence from a national survey in Vietnam
Purpose>This paper examines the effects of sub-national union coverage on the youth's labor market outcomes.Design/methodology/approach>In the context of the private business sector in Vietnam, this study link individual labor market data with union coverage at provincial level in the period 2013–2016 to investigate the effects of sub-national union coverage on the youth's labor market outcomes. Contingent on the outcome variable, we use the OLS and probit model that control for diverse individual characteristics, year- and industry-fixed effects, and particularly control for selection bias in the labor market.Findings>The empirical results show that the union coverage is positively associated with a wide range of the youth's labor market outcomes, including employment status, wage rate, work hour, and job formality. Also, the coverage is complementary to individual labor contract in determining the youth's wage rate.Practical implication>Our empirical results indicate positive associations between union coverage and the youth's multi-dimensional labor market outcomes, which contribute to this young age cohort's smooth school-to-work transition, provided that the role of trade union is challenged both in developing and developed countries.Originality/value>This study provides an in-depth study on the interplay between trade union and the youth's labor market outcomes that contributes to the literature of labor market institutions and youth employment policies in a dynamic transitional economy of Vietnam.
Journal Article
Determination of the Convergence of Turkey and European Union Countries in Terms of Youth Labor Indicators by Cluster Analysis
The aim of this study, which was conducted on the basis of the convergence hypothesis, is to reveal the convergence problems of Turkey towards the European Union based on the basic indicators of the youth labor market. For this purpose, a large gender-disaggregated data set has been constructed with 29 observation units consisting of the European Union Average, European Union Countries, and Turkey, using the basic indicators of the youth labor market that point to the future, within Eurostat and Ilostat data. The clustering method, which is one of the advanced statistical techniques, was preferred to determine which countries are similar to each other and which are different from each other within the data set. In this study, where non-hierarchical and hierarchical clustering methods were used together, it was concluded that Turkey diverges from the developed countries of the European Union, such as Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands, and is similar to countries such as the EU (27), Bulgaria, Czechia, and Italy. Along with this result, this study also reveals remarkable gender differences in the indicators for young men and young women in the youth labor market in Turkey, and that Turkey’s main convergence problem towards the European Union is realized in NEET rates. In this context, this study is completed with suggestions for various policy measures to address convergence problems, such as NEET, unemployment of young women, and low labor force participation rates of young women in Turkey, within the scope of sustainable development goals such as quality education and gender equality.
Journal Article
Labor Market Institutions and Demographic Employment Patterns
We study collective bargaining's effect on relative employment for youth, women, and older individuals. Our model of collective wage setting predicts that unionization reduces employment more for groups with relatively elastic labor supply: youth, older individuals, and women. We test this implication using data from 17 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries over the 1960–1996 period. We find that time-varying indicators of unionization decrease the employment-population ratio of young and older individuals relative to the prime-aged, and of prime-aged women relative to primeaged men, and unionization raises the unemployment rate of prime-aged women and, possibly, young men compared to prime-aged men.
Journal Article
Labor policy to promote good jobs in Tunisia
Tunisians are striving for the opportunity to realize their potential and aspirations in a country that is rich in both human and physical capital, but whose recent economic growth has failed to create enough opportunities in the form of good and productive jobs. This report highlights the main barriers that hinder the Tunisian labor market from providing income, protection, and prosperity to its citizens and proposes a set of labor policies that could facilitate the creation of better, more inclusive, and more productive jobs. The weak economic performance and insufficient and low-quality job creation in Tunisia is primarily the result of an economic environment permeated by distortions, barriers to competition, and excessive red tape, including in the labor market. This has resulted in the creation of a insufficient number of jobs, especially in the formal sector. To change this situation, policy makers need to address five strategic directives that can promote long-term inclusive growth and formality: foster competition; realign incentives, pay, and benefit packages in the public sector; move toward labor regulations that promote labor mobility and provide support to workers in periods of transition; enhance the productivity of informal workers through training and skills building; and reform existing social insurance systems and introduce new instruments to attain broader coverage.
eBook