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"Labyrinths."
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Follow this thread : a maze book to get lost in
\"Are you ready to step inside? Labyrinths are as old as humanity, the proving grounds of heroes, the paths of pilgrims, symbols of spiritual rebirth, and pleasure gardens for pure entertainment. In Follow this thread, Henry Eliot leads us on a twisting journey through the world of mazes, real and imagined, drawing upon mythology, history, philosophy, psychology, pop culture, and more along the way. From Kafka to Kubrick, from the myth of the Minotaur to the quest to find the legendary Maze King, this ingenious book unravels our ancient, abiding relationship with mazes and labyrinths and explores why they continue to fascinate us today\"--Page [4] of cover.
Book
Cochlear supporting cells function as macrophage-like cells and protect audiosensory receptor hair cells from pathogens
To protect the audiosensory organ from tissue damage from the immune system, the inner ear is separated from the circulating immune system by the blood-labyrinth barrier, which was previously considered an immune-privileged site. Recent studies have shown that macrophages are distributed in the cochlea, especially in the spiral ligament, spiral ganglion, and stria vascularis; however, the direct pathogen defence mechanism used by audiosensory receptor hair cells (HCs) has remained obscure. Here, we show that HCs are protected from pathogens by surrounding accessory supporting cells (SCs) and greater epithelial ridge (GER or Kölliker’s organ) cells (GERCs). In isolated murine cochlear sensory epithelium, we established Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus, which infected the SCs and GERCs, but very few HCs. The virus-infected SCs produced interferon (IFN)-α/β, and the viruses efficiently infected the HCs in the IFN-α/β receptor-null sensory epithelium. Interestingly, the virus-infected SCs and GERCs expressed macrophage marker proteins and were eliminated from the cell layer by cell detachment. Moreover, lipopolysaccharide induced phagocytosis of the SCs without cell detachment, and the SCs phagocytosed the bacteria. These results reveal that SCs function as macrophage-like cells, protect adjacent HCs from pathogens, and provide a novel anti-infection inner ear immune system.
Journal Article
Combining vestibular rehabilitation with noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation for treatment of bilateral vestibulopathy
ObjectiveNoisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) has been shown to partly restore vestibular function and to stabilize stance and gait in patients with incomplete bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP). Here, we examined potential synergistic effects of nGVS when combined with standardized vestibular rehabilitation training (VRT).Methods23 patients with confirmed BVP received a 30-min vestibular rehabilitation training (VRT) program three times a week for 2 weeks. The intervention group (n = 12) was stimulated with nGVS (at individually determined optimal amplitudes) during training, whereas the control group (n = 11) received zero-amplitude nGVS (sham stimulation) during training. Outcome measurements assessed at baseline, after 2 weeks of training, and at 2-week follow-up included quantitative posturography, instrumented gait analysis, Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), and clinical scores related to quality of life and balance confidence.ResultsAfter 2 weeks of VRT, all patients showed moderate improvement in balance. Irrespective of nGVS treatment, performance improved in the TUG (p < 0.013), and in the FGA (p < 0.040). Furthermore, base of support when walking with closed eyes was reduced after 2-week training (p < 0.003). Postural sway did not change. There was no difference between groups and thereby no evidence for an additional influence of nGVS on the VRT treatment effects.ConclusionnGVS does not induce synergistic treatment effects in combination with VRT in patients with BVP when applied during treatment sessions. Hence, rather than being applied in parallel, nGVS and VRT might be complementary therapeutic options with nGVS being used during postural activities in daily life, e.g., walking.
Journal Article
Analysis on Leakage Characteristics of Labyrinth Piston Clearance in Reciprocating Labyrinth Compressor
In this paper, the piston clearance leakage model in reciprocating labyrinth compressor is established, and the leakage characteristics of labyrinth piston are analysed. The results show that in the labyrinth entrance section, the gas velocity decreases greatly, and the throttling effect is the most obvious. In the middle section of the labyrinth, the flow velocity descending gradient decreases. In the exit section, the flow rate begins to increase. When the labyrinth clearance is less than or equal to 0.1 mm, the clearance changes has little effect on the leakage. When the clearance is greater than 0.1 mm, the leakage increases rapidly with the clearance increasing. When the piston operates eccentrically, the leakage will increase by 1.5 ∼ 2 times compared with the non-eccentric operation. Therefore, the eccentric operation of the piston should be avoided as much as possible and the clearance should be reduced.
Journal Article
A coding mission
\"When you have a problem, where can you go for answers? The library! When Codie and her friends join Ms. Gillian, the Specialist, on another Adventure in Makerspace, they find themselves lost in a maze, with a monster just around the corner! Can they code their way out? Join them to complete Mission: Coding! This graphic novel includes fun bonus features such as a theme song and author interview available through the free Capstone 4D app. A great way to add augmented reality to your reading experience!\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Inner ear lesions in congenital cytomegalovirus infection of human fetuses
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading cause of non-hereditary congenital sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). The natural course and the pathophysiology of inner ear lesions during human fetal CMV infection have not yet been reported. Inner ear lesions were investigated in six CMV-infected fetuses aged 19–35 postconceptional weeks and correlated with central nervous system (CNS) lesions. All the fetuses had high viral loads in the amniotic fluid and severe visceral and CNS lesions visible by ultrasound. Diffuse lesions consisting of both cytomegalic cells containing inclusion bodies and inflammation were found within all studied structures including the inner ear, brain, other organs, and placenta, suggesting hematogenous dissemination. Cochlear infection was consistently present and predominated in the stria vascularis (5/6), whereas the supporting cells in the organ of Corti were less often involved (2/6). Vestibular infection, found in 4/6 cases, was florid; the non-sensory epithelia, including the dark cells, were extensively infected. The endolymphatic sac was infected in 1 of 3 cases. The severity of inner ear infection was correlated with the CNS lesions, confirming the neurotropism of CMV. This study documenting infection of the structures involved in endolymph secretion and potassium homeostasis in fetuses with high amniotic fluid viral loads suggests that potassium dysregulation in the endolymphatic compartment of the inner ear may lead to secondary degeneration of the sensory structures. In addition, the occurrence of SNHL depends on the intensity and duration of the viral infection and inflammation.
Journal Article
The maze runner
Sixteen-year-old Thomas wakes up with no memory in the middle of a maze and realizes he must work with the community in which he finds himself if he is to escape.
Book
Noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation improves vestibular perception in bilateral vestibulopathy
Background
Patients with bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP) suffer from impaired vestibular motion perception that is linked to deficits in spatial memory and navigation.
Objective
To examine the potential therapeutic effect of imperceptible noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) on impaired vestibular perceptual performance in BVP.
Methods
In 11 patients with BVP (mean age: 54.0 ± 8.3 years, 7 females), we initially determined the nGVS intensity that optimally stabilizes balance during a static posturographic assessment. Subsequently, effects of optimal nGVS vs. sham stimulation on vestibular motion perception were examined in randomized order. Vestibular perceptual performance was determined as direction recognition thresholds for head-centered roll tilt motion on a 6DOF motion platform in the absence of any visual or auditory motion cues.
Results
For each patient, an nGVS intensity that optimally stabilized static balance compared to sham stimulation could be identified (mean 0.36 ± 0.16 mA). nGVS at optimal intensity resulted in lowered vestibular perceptual thresholds (0.94 ± 0.30 deg/s) compared to sham stimulation (1.67 ± 1.11 deg/s;
p
= 0.040). nGVS-induced improvements in vestibular perception were observed in 8 of 11 patients (73%) and were greater in patients with poorer perceptual performance during sham stimulation (
R
= − 0.791;
p
= 0.007).
Conclusions
nGVS is effective in improving impaired vestibular motion perception in patients with BVP, in particular in those patients with poor baseline perceptual performance. Imperceptible vestibular noise stimulation might thus offer a non-invasive approach to target BVP-related impairments in spatial memory, orientation, and navigation.
Journal Article