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Aging is an important trend in the global demographic, with rural population aging becoming a significant challenge due to its faster pace and profound implications. Although the most significant impact of the aging agricultural labor force occurs in agricultural production and land use, little is known about their relationship. Based on the 2010–2018 data from the Chinese Family Panel Studies, this study uses the panel probit model to analyze the impact of the aging agricultural labor force on land transfer and tests its influence mechanism from the aspects of health effect and pension insurance effect. The results show the following: (1) there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the aging of the agricultural labor force and land rent-in—with the deepening of the aging of the agricultural labor force, the aging of the agricultural labor force shifts from promoting land rent-in to inhibiting it; (2) there is a U-shaped relationship between the aging of the agricultural labor force and land rent-out—with the deepening of the aging of the agricultural labor force, the aging of the agricultural labor force shifts from inhibiting land rent-out to promoting it; and (3) the impact of the aging agricultural labor force on land rent-in and rent-out is significantly affected by farmers’ health levels, however pension insurance does not play a significant moderating role. Therefore, the government should strengthen the land transfer market and improve the level of pension insurance for the elderly rural agricultural labor force.

Tenure insecurity and thin land rental markets weakened the incentives to farmland investment in rural China, which was not conducive to improving agricultural productivity. Thus, impacts of tenure security and farmland transfer on farmland investment were analyzed by using the household fixed effect model, the IV method and a 762 household-level and 1163 plot-level data set. The results indicated that: (1) compared with owned plots, the number of farmyard manure in rented plots without stipulating rental time was significantly decreased by 64.0~66.9%; (2) each 1% increase in land rents led to a 1.7% rise in the input of farmyard manure; (3) each 1% increase in the size of farmland transfer resulted in a 0.1% rise in the input of farmyard manure. Our study contributed to boosting agricultural sustainable development from the perspectives of improving the systems of farmland property rights and developing farmland rental markets. First published online 09 June 2022

Commodity crop expansion has increased with the globalization of production systems and consumer demand, linking distant socio-ecological systems. Oil palm plantations are expanding in the tropics to satisfy growing oilseed and biofuel markets, and much of this expansion has caused extensive deforestation, especially in Asia. In Latin America, palm oil output has doubled since 2001, and the majority of expansion seems to be occurring on non-forested lands. We used MODIS satellite imagery (250 m resolution) to map current oil palm plantations in Latin America and determined prior land use and land cover (LULC) using high-resolution images in Google Earth. In addition, we compiled trade data to determine where Latin American palm oil flows, in order to better understand the underlying drivers of expansion in the region. Based on a sample of 342 032 ha of oil palm plantations across Latin America, we found that 79% replaced previously intervened lands (e.g. pastures, croplands, bananas), primarily cattle pastures (56%). The remaining 21% came from areas that were classified as woody vegetation (e.g. forests), most notably in the Amazon and the Petén region in northern Guatemala. Latin America is a net exporter of palm oil but the majority of palm oil exports (70%) stayed within the region, with Mexico importing about half. Growth of the oil palm sector may be driven by global factors, but environmental and economic outcomes vary between regions (i.e. Asia and Latin America), within regions (i.e. Colombia and Peru), and within single countries (i.e. Guatemala), suggesting that local conditions are influential. The present trend of oil palm expanding onto previously cleared lands, guided by roundtable certifications programs, provides an opportunity for more sustainable development of the oil palm sector in Latin America.

In order to further study the comprehensive benefits of land fragmentation transfer on agricultural operations and determine whether the current fragmentation problem is the core reason for low land circulation efficiency, this study used the survey data of 11 counties in Guangdong Province to assess the real impact of land fragmentation characteristics on rents under current conditions, and obtained the results through empirical testing. The basic conclusion of this paper is that farmers prefer large plots: the larger the plot area, the higher the rent per mu. At the same time, the implementation of “land ownership confirmation” may solidify the situation of land fragmentation. This result means that the negative effect of fragmentation on land use efficiency is great, and solving the fragmentation problem should be the main research direction of land related problems in the future.

The duration of land transfers plays a pivotal role in attaining agricultural sustainability and enhancing farmer’s welfare. Using household tracking survey data from China, this study investigates how climate anomalies affect the duration of land transfers. We find that abnormally high temperatures during the growing season shorten the duration of land rented in, while abnormally high precipitation during the growing season extends the duration of land rented out. Land rent is the main channel through which climate anomalies affect the duration of land transfers. Abnormally high precipitation reduces the unit rent of land rented out, while abnormally high temperatures increase the unit rent of land rented in. Additionally, household heads with a risk-lover attitude weakened the positive effect of abnormal high precipitation on the duration of land rented out, while larger areas of land rented out strengthened such effect. The negative effect of abnormally high temperatures on the duration of land rented in is more pronounced in hot regions. These findings offer valuable references for relevant government agencies to formulate policies to extend the duration of land transfers and safeguard farmer welfare amidst the challenges of climate change.

Agricultural land conversion (ALC) is an incentive-driven process. In this paper, we further investigate the inter-relationship between land economic value (LEV) and ALC. To achieve this goal, we calculated the LEV for agricultural and non-agricultural (housing) uses in two areas of East Java, Indonesia. The first area represents peri-urban agriculture, which is facing rapid urbanization and experiencing a high rate of ALC. The second area represents rural agriculture, with zero ALC. Furthermore, we identified factors affecting LEV in both areas for both uses. The results of this study show that agricultural land yielded a higher economic benefit in rural areas. Conversely, compared to agricultural land, housing in urban areas yields a value that is seven times higher. Moreover, agricultural land was shown to yield a higher profit after conversion. Ironically, a similar comparison does not exist in rural areas. Agricultural land yielded a value that was only 19% higher, indicating that agricultural land can easily be converted. This is also proven by the growing number of new urban cores in the periphery area. There are several factors affecting land economic value, such as agricultural use, soil fertility, accessibility, and cropping pattern, which are important variables. Meanwhile, the accessibility and location of peri-urban areas increase the land value for housing.

Purpose - A tax based on land value is in many ways ideal, but many economists dismiss it by assuming it could not raise enough revenue. Standard sources of data omit much of the potential tax base, and undervalue what they do measure. The purpose of this paper is to present more comprehensive and accurate measures of land rents and values, and several modes of raising revenues from them besides the conventional property tax.Design methodology approach - The paper identifies 16 elements of land's taxable capacity that received authorities either trivialize or omit. These 16 elements come in four groups.Findings - In Group A, Elements 1-4 correct for the downward bias in standard sources. In Group B, Elements 5-10 broaden the concepts of land and rent beyond the conventional narrow perception, while Elements 11-12 estimate rents to be gained by abating other kinds of taxes. In Group C, Elements 13-14 explain how using the land tax, since it has no excess burden, uncaps feasible tax rates. In Group D, Elements 15-16 define some moot possibilities that may warrant further exploration.Originality value - This paper shows how previous estimates of rent and land values have been narrowly limited to a fraction of the whole, thus giving a false impression that the tax capacity is low. The paper adds 14 elements to the traditional narrow \"single tax\" base, plus two moot elements advanced for future consideration. Any one of these 16 elements indicates a much higher land tax base than economists commonly recognize today. Taken together they are overwhelming, and cast an entirely new light on this subject.

Rent is defined as surplus or non-productive profits that are pursued to create naturally (inherited) or fabricated scarcity from a specific product. The value of the land is about the natural and fabricated drivers influence on finalization of the land price and the value of the consumption and trading of urban lands causes “rent” and the unequal profit from the production of housing. Building violations in the city refer to processes for the building and use of which are not licensed (or licensed) or in conflict with the building permit issued by the city hall. This research paper is about the occurrence of building violations, land/housing rent, and the performance of the city hall in this regard in Sanandaj from 2003 to 2011. This research is fundamental and applied research, which has been done by the descriptive-analytical method. Data and information about this research were collected through available documents, reports, and library books, field studies, descriptive statistics, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were interpreted and analyzed. Based on the findings of this study, out of 8,772 building licenses issued in Sanandaj from 2003 to 2011, 2,886 cases (35.75%) resulted in 6,291 violations per plot of 20,4294 square meters. The results of this study have shown that land rent and housing, a licensing process and sales of building surplus and city hall earnings have a significant effect on the occurrence had a significant impact on the spatial distribution of building violations in Sanandaj city. The most of the issuance of building permits (98.22%), sales of the floor area ratio surplus of a building, and building violations occurred in the district 3 of Sanandaj, which enjoyed higher land rent, housing, and a remarkable proportion of the city hall’s revenue, was also provided

The differences in the forms of land rent in Poland and Ukraine are due to the specifics of the historical development of agrarian relations, the level of institutional support, and the condition of the land market in each country. The basis for this substantive analysis was the literature on the subject, primarily concerning the issue of land rent from a historical and contemporary perspective. Relevant legal acts and statistical data characterizing agriculture in the analyzed countries were also used. The aim of the conducted research and analysis was to identify and characterize the types of land rent in Poland and Ukraine. It was found that there are similarities and differences in the occurrence and perception of land rent between the analyzed countries. Not all types of land rent identified in Polish agriculture occur in Ukraine. In addition, those identified in Ukrainian agriculture are not always reflected in the same way in Polish conditions. This is related, among other things, to the historical conditions of the established agricultural system and Ukraine’s remaining outside the European Union. The comparative analysis of land rent types in Poland and Ukraine indicates a shared economic nature but significant differences in the mechanisms of their formation and distribution. Future research on land rents in Poland and Ukraine should be supported by empirical research and comparative analysis of the specific effects of the existence of individual types of rents.

Using household-level data collected from three provinces in China, this paper investigates the links between land rentals conducted by acquaintances and land fragmentation. The econometric results indicate that the land rentals between acquaintances and those between non-acquaintances have similar effects on defragmentation when considering the endogeneity problem. Moreover, the land rentals between acquaintances have an increasingly positive impact on defragmentation as land rents increase. Further evidence shows that there is no significant difference in land rents between rental transactions conducted by acquaintances and those conducted by non-acquaintances, implying increasing marketization of land rentals inside acquaintance networks. Our findings validate the belief that the land rentals between acquaintances in China today have enormous potential for defragmentation.