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"Landforms"
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What are landforms?
By using compare-and-contrast questions, children will be encouraged to identify differences in similar landforms, such as mountains and hills, and may be inspired to paint landscapes, create volcanoes, and write poems, songs, or projects about their favorite landforms to express their own creativity.
Book
Coastal morphology explains global blue carbon distributions
Because mangroves store greater amounts of carbon (C) per area than any other terrestrial ecosystem, conservation of mangrove forests on a global scale represents a potentially meaningful strategy for mitigating atmospheric greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. However, analyses of how coastal ecosystems influence the global C cycle also require the mapping of ecosystem area across the Earth’s surface to estimate C storage and flux (movement) in order to compare how different ecosystem types may mitigate GHG enrichment in the atmosphere. In this paper, we propose a new framework based on diverse coastal morphology (that is, different coastal environmental settings resulting from how rivers, tides, waves, and climate have shaped coastal landforms) to explain global variations in mangrove C storage, using soil organic carbon (SOC) as a model to more accurately determine mangrove contributions to global C dynamics. We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first global mangrove area estimate occupying distinct coastal environmental settings, comparing the role of terrigenous and carbonate settings as global “blue carbon” hotspots. C storage in deltaic settings has been overestimated, while SOC stocks in carbonate settings have been underestimated by up to 50%. We encourage the scientific community, which has largely focused on blue carbon estimates, to incorporate coastal environmental settings into their evaluations of C stocks, to obtain more robust estimates of global C stocks.
Journal Article
Semi-Automated Extraction and Geomorphic Analysis of Flat Surface Landforms in Large Areas
The semi-automated extraction of flat surface landforms was carried out, merging a GIS tools application and a geomorphic analysis. The study focuses on seven areas in southern Italy, characterized by different physical landscapes, using a 5 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM). The GIS application allowed the selection of polygonal areas of flat surfaces from diverse arrays of landforms and was implemented using a filtering process to minimize noises. Subsequently, the mean elevation and mean slope of the detected surfaces were extracted and visualized using scatter plots, which helped in determining the elevation ranges and average slope angles for various flat-floored and terraced surfaces. To enhance the reliability of the results, a detailed geomorphic analysis and field survey were conducted to differentiate between fluvial and marine flat surfaces across different physical landscapes. This comprehensive approach included statistical analyses and comparisons with the existing literature to validate the identified flat surfaces, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the semi-automated extraction procedure. The integration of GIS technology with field investigations not only streamlines the detection of flat landforms but also contributes to a deeper understanding of their geomorphic characteristics, ultimately enhancing geomorphic analysis efficiency.
Journal Article
Landforms
\"Can land form where there wasn't any before? What about valleys and canyons?\" -- www.garethstevens.com
Book
Geomorphology of Horseshoe Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctica
Here, a geomorphological map of Horseshoe Island, which is one of the most ice-free islands in Marguerite Bay of the Antarctic Peninsula, is provided. The landforms on the island were mapped by using Google Earth images. Field reconnaissance of the landforms was carried out in March 2018. The island is subdivided into three major geomorphologically different sectors. The northern sector is mostly covered by a remnant of a non-erosive ice cap and has limited glacial landforms and deposits. The central sector is rich in terms of glacial and periglacial landforms and deposits. Glaciers are still sculpting the southern sector and it has extensive features of glacial erosion and deposition. The most common landforms on the island are talus cones, moraines, patterned ground, and raised beaches. The geomorphological map of the island will be a useful base for further geomorphic and/or glaciologic research in this climate-sensitive region.
Journal Article
Landforms
\"Earth landforms can look very different from place to place. They can be hilly, flat, or mountainous. Landforms can change their shape with earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, mudslides, or erosion. Some of these changes take a long time, and other changes happen quickly. Includes science and reading activities and a word list\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Evidence for Persistent Flow and Aqueous Sedimentation on Early Mars
Landforms representative of sedimentary processes and environments that occurred early in martian history have been recognized in Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera and Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System images. Evidence of distributary, channelized flow (in particular, flow that lasted long enough to foster meandering) and the resulting deposition of a fan-shaped apron of debris indicate persistent flow conditions and formation of at least some large intracrater layered sedimentary sequences within fluvial, and potentially lacustrine, environments.
Journal Article
Coastal landforms and accumulation of mangrove peat increase carbon sequestration and storage
Given their relatively small area, mangroves and their organic sediments are of disproportionate importance to global carbon sequestration and carbon storage. Peat deposition and preservation allows some mangroves to accrete vertically and keep pace with sea-level rise by growing on their own root remains. In this study we show that mangroves in desert inlets in the coasts of the Baja California have been accumulating root peat for nearly 2,000 y and harbor a belowground carbon content of 900–34,00 Mg C/ha, with an average value of 1,130 (± 128) Mg C/ha, and a belowground carbon accumulation similar to that found under some of the tallest tropical mangroves in the Mexican Pacific coast. The depth–age curve for the mangrove sediments of Baja California indicates that sea level in the peninsula has been rising at a mean rate of 0.70 mm/y (± 0.07) during the last 17 centuries, a value similar to the rates of sea-level rise estimated for the Caribbean during a comparable period. By accreting on their own accumulated peat, these desert mangroves store large amounts of carbon in their sediments. We estimate that mangroves and halophyte scrubs in Mexico’s arid northwest, with less than 1% of the terrestrial area, store in their belowground sediments around 28% of the total belowground carbon pool of the whole region.
Journal Article