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"Landforms Ireland."
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Island Endurance
Many look to Ireland's Atlantic islands as timeless places,
resistant to change.
Island Endurance offers an alternative perspective,
examining two neighboring islands where people have cultivated
their heritage to confront new challenges and opportunities
across centuries.
To the west, Inishark is a landscape of ruins, with
monuments from a medieval monastery alongside the remnants of a
village that endured privation and isolation before its
evacuation in 1960. To the east, Inishbofin remains home to a
small community of nearly 200 that bustles every summer with
thousands of visitors drawn by the island's reputation for
hospitality and distinctive local heritage. Combining
archaeological discoveries with folklore and ethnography,
author Ryan Lash explores how islanders from three different
historical eras encountered, altered, and reimagined traces of
the past. Fifteen years of fieldwork reconstruct more than a
millennium of creativity—from the development of
pilgrimage traditions at the shrines of monastic saints, to the
reuse of medieval monuments for local devotions in the 19th and
20th centuries, to the repurposing of ruins for managing
livestock and guiding tourist trails in the 21st century.
Attuned to the sensory dynamics and other-than-human elements
of landscapes, Lash illustrates the power of quartz pebbles,
picnics, and sheep farming to generate vital perceptions of
place, time, and belonging.
Islanders have continually and creatively adapted their
heritage to foster shared experiences, negotiate collaborative
relations, and sustain livelihoods amid adversity.
Island Endurance shows us that the illusion of
timelessness has always relied on the creativity of
heritage.
eBook
Glacial geomorphology in the Wicklow Mountains, Ireland
We present a detailed 1:50,000-scale glacial geomorphological map covering ∼450 km
2
of the Wicklow Mountains, eastern Ireland. The region was glaciated at the Last Glacial Maximum, but little is known about the timing and pattern of deglaciation during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition or the extent of glacier regrowth during the Younger Dryas. The absence of detailed glacial geomorphological mapping has been a barrier to understanding these outstanding questions before now. Mapping of the area was compiled during field campaigns supported by the assessment of remotely-sensed imagery. Ice-marginal moraines are the most prevalent landform mapped and these have been classified into three groups based on differences in morphology. Other evidence for glaciation includes glacially-transported boulders, ice-moulded bedrock, meltwater channels, terraces, talus and summit blockfields. The map forms an essential basis for future work that will investigate glacial landsystems, deglaciation patterns and timing, and the style and extent of Younger Dryas glaciation.
Journal Article
Groundwater contaminant fluctuation at a landfill: a case study of the Coastal Park Landfill, Cape Town
Rainfall has been shown to be the main cause of elevated nutrient pollution in groundwater beneath landfills. However, groundwater monitoring is often based on predetermined schedules without considering rainfall patterns. This study examined how rainfall patterns afect fluctuations in groundwater quality at the Coastal Park landfill in Cape Town, South Africa, and the relevance of current groundwater sampling schedules. Boreholes upstream and downstream of two large waste cells, one lined and the other unlined, were monitored for 15 weeks during the onset of the rainy season to detect changes in the groundwater level, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, and phosphate. Rainfall patterns strongly afected the groundwater parameters, with widely varying fluctuation patterns and lag times. Conductivity peaked downstream of the lined cell 10 weeks later than at the unlined cell, with widely diferent fluctuation patterns (R2 = 0.36). Ammonia peaked downstream of both the unlined and lined cells well before the early rains, with very similar fluctuation patterns ( R2 = 0.97), although it peaked 6 times higher in the unlined cell. Nitrate peaked at Weeks 2 to 4 downstream of the unlined and the lined cell, with a weak correlation (R2 = 0.56). A shorter nitrate peak and a net decrease throughout the rainy season were observed downstream of the lined cell. Phosphate showed a brief, multi-fold increase at Week 3 downstream of both the unlined and lined cells, displaying pH-induced mobilisation and a very strong correlation (R2 = 0.99) between these locations. Lag times and fluctuation patterns varied depending on the presence of liners, and rainfall patterns. Therefore, the low frequency sampling required by many South African landfill waste management permits and licences cannot identify pollutant peak concentrations or describe their trends, and high frequency sampling should be considered.
Journal Article
Geomorphology and substrate of Galway Bay, Western Ireland
A combination of multibeam bathymetry and backscatter, LiDAR altimetry and bathymetry, satellite images, and hydrodynamic model outputs were used to map the seafloor and coastline of Galway Bay (western Ireland). This is the first time these multiple datasets have been integrated into a single combined geomorphological and substrate map. The substrate of the bay is predominantly mud and sand with bedrock outcropping extensively around the coastline. The main depositional features are dunes, while the main erosional features are scours and outcropping bedrock. Hydrodynamic model outputs show good correlation between the direction and intensity of prevailing currents and the location and shape of the features in the bay. This indicates that although Galway Bay was shaped glacially through the passage of the British-Irish Ice Sheet across the bay and ensuing glacial and marine sediment deposition, many of the mapped seafloor landforms are modern and current-induced.
Journal Article
Paraglacial coasts
A challenge for coastal conservation over the next decades is to predict and then effectively manage the outcomes of ongoing climate change in the context of the Anthropocene. Paraglacial coasts are those on or adjacent to present or formerly glaciated terrain and which are still influenced by glacigenic processes. Ongoing response of paraglacial coasts to the influences of glaciation can give rise to diverse regional-scale coastal responses that may variously amplify or suppress any effects caused by global climate change. Here we provide insight into the richness of landforms and coastal system responses from two contrasting paraglacial environments, in Svalbard where glaciers are still present but are actively retreating, and in Ireland where late Pleistocene glaciers melted away around 14,000 years ago. Svalbard and Ireland exhibit different paraglacial coastal responses which reflect long-term variations in sediment supply from inland source areas to the coast, and variations in sediment residence times and storage areas within the coastal zone. The conservation of paraglacial coasts in the context of Anthropocene global warming requires an understanding of regional glacial history and longer term coastal responses to paraglacial relaxation.
Journal Article
The Selection of and Characters of a Geosite—Examples from Ireland
ProGEO’s own definition of a geosite in the protocol on conserving our shared heritage (ProGEO 2011) is sufficiently broad to encompass many different national variations in approach to defining geosites. In Ireland, geological heritage effort, led by the Geological Survey of Ireland, has not used the term ‘geosite’ in everyday practice. Instead, the geosites have been defined as County Geological Sites, in order to maximise their relevance to the local communities and more especially with the County Councils, who consider the sites within their planning procedures. There are 29 of these County Councils (Ireland traditionally has 26 counties, but as it is such a large conurbation in Irish terms, Dublin, the capital city, is divided into 4 separate administrative councils. The county councils have some responsibilities for geological heritage under planning and other Acts, which they meet by adopting County Geological Sites into their planning systems. Whilst the classification of a County Geological Site has no statutory basis, the inclusion of them into statutory County Development Plans and within the planning system means that no significant development may occur without some consultation with the Geological Survey about the geological heritage value. County Geological Sites range in size from single small exposures, usually of fossil or mineral occurrences, up to large landscapes of mountainous terrain. In particular, the Quaternary geology of Ireland has required some large areas to encompass the range of glacial landforms. Similarly, coastal geomorphology requires some very long linear stretches of coastline to demonstrate processes or landforms. Working quarries and pits are included in the County Geological Site lists because in many places they represent the best, if not the only place to see certain rock formations or stratigraphical successions. A range of the wealth of County Geological Sites is illustrated in this paper to explore the ways in which the term ‘geosite’ is defined in Irish geological heritage. This includes sites that demonstrate the ways in which people have relied on geological resources such as building materials.
Journal Article
Subglacial hydrology and drumlin sediments in connemara, western ireland
Sediment-cored drumlins are uncommon across the glacially eroded granite bedrock of Connemara (west County alway, western reland). This paper describes the internal sediments from two significant drumlin exposures at rdmore and allyconneely. Both drumlins show a lowermost lithofacies association comprising overconsolidated subglacial diamicton with clast lithology, strong fabrics and overfolds indicative of regional east/southeast to west/northwest late eichselian ice flow. This lithofacies association is overlain at both sites by west-dipping, stratified, graded gravel and diamicton beds that downlap onto laminated silts. These beds reflect episodic debris flows into a leeside cavity developed following creation of relief by deposition and deformation of a subglacial diamicton nucleus located up-ice. Variations in substrate hydrological processes are identified in both drumlins based on the presence of clastic dikes, flame structures and debris flow-deposited gravels which are present at different locations spatially within the drumlin and at different stratigraphic levels. These features reflect the close connection between subglacial hydrological and sedimentary processes and their changes over time as the drumlin form develops.
Journal Article
Bedforms on the northwest Irish Shelf: indication of modern active sediment transport and over printing of paleo-glacial sedimentary deposits
Recent mapping programmes in Irish territorial waters, such as the Irish National Seabed Survey and the Integrated Mapping for the Sustainable Development of Ireland's Marine Resource programme, have generated high resolution multibeam bathymetry, backscatter and sediment sample datasets at an unprecedented resolution and coverage. Building upon previous mapping of glacial landforms on the northwest Irish continental shelf, a 1:225,000 scale map identifying contemporary bedforms has been produced between 54°40′N/56°10′N and 10°2′W/6°45′W. The analysis of bathymetric derivatives and backscatter interpretation has enabled the classification of several types of depositional feature including six sediment wave assemblages. Erosional features have also been identified across the shelf in the form of surface sediment lineations, as well as more spatially confined formations such as furrows. Based on wave asymmetry, sedimentary composition and orientation, in agreement with published modelled hydrodynamic conditions, these bedforms are assumed to be contemporary features. Data interpretation, particularly of backscatter imagery reveals that these sediments mask the acoustic signatures of an underlying glacial architecture and may alter their apparent morphology due to burying.
Journal Article
The Archaeology of Caves in Ireland
The archaeology of caves in Ireland is a ground-breaking and unique study of the enigmatic, unseen and dark silent world of caves. People have engaged with caves for the duration of human occupation of the island, spanning 10,000 years. In prehistory, subterranean landscapes were associated with the dead and the spirit world, with evidence for burials, funerary rituals and votive deposition. The advent of Christianity saw the adaptation of caves as homes and places of storage, yet they also continued to feature in religious practice. Medieval mythology and modern folklore indicate that caves were considered places of the supernatural, being particularly associated with otherworldly women. Through a combination of archaeology, mythology and popular religion, this book takes the reader on a fascinating journey that sheds new light on a hitherto neglected area of research. It encourages us to consider what underground activities might reveal about the lives lived aboveground, and leaves us in no doubt as to the cultural significance of caves in the past. Marion Dowd is Lecturer in Prehistoric Archaeology at the Institute of Technology Sligo, Ireland. Her doctoral research examined the role of caves in Irish prehistoric ritual and religion. She has directed excavations in many caves, and has published and lectured widely on the subject.
eBook