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"Landforms."
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What are landforms?
By using compare-and-contrast questions, children will be encouraged to identify differences in similar landforms, such as mountains and hills, and may be inspired to paint landscapes, create volcanoes, and write poems, songs, or projects about their favorite landforms to express their own creativity.
Book
Critical Bifurcation of Shallow Microtidal Landforms in Tidal Flats and Salt Marshes
Shallow tidal basins are characterized by extensive tidal flats and salt marshes that lie within specific ranges of elevation, whereas intermediate elevations are less frequent in intertidal landscapes. Here we show that this bimodal distribution of elevations stems from the characteristics of wave-induced sediment resuspension and, in particular, from the reduction of maximum wave height caused by dissipative processes in shallow waters. The conceptual model presented herein is applied to the Venice Lagoon, Italy, and demonstrates that areas at intermediate elevations are inherently unstable and tend to become either tidal flats or salt marshes.
Journal Article
Coastal morphology explains global blue carbon distributions
Because mangroves store greater amounts of carbon (C) per area than any other terrestrial ecosystem, conservation of mangrove forests on a global scale represents a potentially meaningful strategy for mitigating atmospheric greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. However, analyses of how coastal ecosystems influence the global C cycle also require the mapping of ecosystem area across the Earth’s surface to estimate C storage and flux (movement) in order to compare how different ecosystem types may mitigate GHG enrichment in the atmosphere. In this paper, we propose a new framework based on diverse coastal morphology (that is, different coastal environmental settings resulting from how rivers, tides, waves, and climate have shaped coastal landforms) to explain global variations in mangrove C storage, using soil organic carbon (SOC) as a model to more accurately determine mangrove contributions to global C dynamics. We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first global mangrove area estimate occupying distinct coastal environmental settings, comparing the role of terrigenous and carbonate settings as global “blue carbon” hotspots. C storage in deltaic settings has been overestimated, while SOC stocks in carbonate settings have been underestimated by up to 50%. We encourage the scientific community, which has largely focused on blue carbon estimates, to incorporate coastal environmental settings into their evaluations of C stocks, to obtain more robust estimates of global C stocks.
Journal Article
Landforms
\"Can land form where there wasn't any before? What about valleys and canyons?\" -- www.garethstevens.com
Book
A terrain openness index for the extraction of karst Fenglin and Fengcong landform units from DEMs
The Fenglin and Fengcong landform units are considered to be an important representation for defining the degree of development of Karst landforms. However, these terrain features have been proven difficult to delineate and extract automatically because of their complex morphology. In this paper, a new method for identifying the Fenglin and Fengcong landform units is proposed. This method consists of two steps: (1) terrain openness calculation and (2) toe line extraction. The proposed method is applied and validated in the Karst case area of Guilin by using ASTER GDEM with one arc-second resolution. The openness of both the positive and negative terrain and a threshold were used to extract toe lines for segmenting depressions and pinnacles in Fenglin and Fengcong landforms. A comparison between the extracted Fenglin and Fengcong landform units and their real units from high resolution images was carried out to evaluate the capability of the proposed method. Results show the proposed method can effectively extract the Fenglin and Fengcong landform units, and has an overall accuracy of 93.28%. The proposed method is simple and easy to implement and is expected to play an important role in the automatic extraction of similar landform units in the Karst area.
Journal Article
Evidence for Persistent Flow and Aqueous Sedimentation on Early Mars
Landforms representative of sedimentary processes and environments that occurred early in martian history have been recognized in Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera and Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System images. Evidence of distributary, channelized flow (in particular, flow that lasted long enough to foster meandering) and the resulting deposition of a fan-shaped apron of debris indicate persistent flow conditions and formation of at least some large intracrater layered sedimentary sequences within fluvial, and potentially lacustrine, environments.
Journal Article
Landforms
\"Earth landforms can look very different from place to place. They can be hilly, flat, or mountainous. Landforms can change their shape with earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, mudslides, or erosion. Some of these changes take a long time, and other changes happen quickly. Includes science and reading activities and a word list\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Geomorphology of Horseshoe Island, Marguerite Bay, Antarctica
Here, a geomorphological map of Horseshoe Island, which is one of the most ice-free islands in Marguerite Bay of the Antarctic Peninsula, is provided. The landforms on the island were mapped by using Google Earth images. Field reconnaissance of the landforms was carried out in March 2018. The island is subdivided into three major geomorphologically different sectors. The northern sector is mostly covered by a remnant of a non-erosive ice cap and has limited glacial landforms and deposits. The central sector is rich in terms of glacial and periglacial landforms and deposits. Glaciers are still sculpting the southern sector and it has extensive features of glacial erosion and deposition. The most common landforms on the island are talus cones, moraines, patterned ground, and raised beaches. The geomorphological map of the island will be a useful base for further geomorphic and/or glaciologic research in this climate-sensitive region.
Journal Article