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The Oxford handbook of reference
This handbook presents an overview of the phenomenon of reference - the ability to refer to and pick out entities - which is an essential part of human language and cognition. In the volume's 21 chapters, international experts in the field offer a critical account of all aspects of reference from a range of theoretical perspectives.0Chapters in the first part of the book are concerned with basic questions related to different types of referring expression and their interpretation. They address questions about the role of the speaker - including speaker intentions - and of the addressee, as well as the role played by the semantics of the linguistic forms themselves in establishing reference. This part also explores the nature of such concepts as definite and indefinite reference and specificity, and the conditions under which reference may fail. The second part of the volume looks at implications and applications, with hapters covering such topics as the acquisition of reference by children, the processing of reference both in the human brain and by machines. 0The volume will be of interest to linguists in a wide range of subfields, including semantics, pragmatics, computational linguistics, and psycho- and neurolinguistics, as well as scholars in related fields such as philosophy and computer science.
Book
Von der Rhetorik Zum Belâgat, Vom Mecâz Zur Metapher
Long description:
Bezüglich der Metapher und der Anwendung der Metapherntheorien findet ein begriffliches Chaos nicht nur in der westlichen Literatur statt, sondern sorgt auch vor allem in der türkischen Literatur für Probleme. Die hier abgeschlossene Arbeit besteht aus insgesamt drei Büchern, die als Liber Primus (LP), Liber Secundus (LS) und Liber Tertius (LT) betitelt sind. Alle drei Bücher können von Forschern separat bewertet werden. So beinhaltet das erste Buch die Historie des bel ^agat, sowie die Geschichte der Antiken Rhetorik. Analysierende Gegenüberstellung von Rhetorik und bel emph ^agat sind ebenfalls Teil dieses Abschnittes. Dieser einleitende Abschnitt beabsichtigt dem Leser sowohl einen Überblick über den historischen Verlauf der Rhetorik und des bel ^agat in der Wissenschaftsforschung zu verleihen, als auch dem Leser das Verständnis des zweiten Buches zu erleichtern. Das zweite Buch involviert Begriffe des bel ^agat, Theorien und dessen Figuren. Begriffe und Theorien zur Metapher sind ebenfalls Untersuchungsinhalte des zweiten Buches. Hier konzentriert sich die Arbeit vorerst auf Bedeutungsinhalte der entsprechenden Termini im Deutschen wie im Türkischen und deren Funktion in der Redekunst. Hauptziel in diesem Abschnitt ist die Suche nach einer begrifflichen Äguivalenz zum Begriff der Metapher im Türkischen durch Vergleich von Rhetorik und bel ^agat. Die Analyse des Begriffschaos ist Inhalt des dritten Buches (Liber Tertius). Durch Diagramme, die in unterschiedliche Bedeutungs- und Funktionsfelder unterteilt sind, werden potenzielle Verteilungen der Figuren des mec ^az in Bezug auf die Metapher angezeigt. Dabei wird der Versuch gebracht, die im zweiten Buch angesprochenen Begriffe im Einzelnen zu analysieren. Durch vergleichende Bewertungsschritte dieser Begriffe werden mithilfe der Diagrammtechnik die Termini im Einzelnen und im Vergleich miteinander systematisiert. So kann das Buch Liber Tertius auch als bewertende Schlussfolgerung der Arbeit gesehen werden.
eBook
Language Online
In Language Online, David Barton and Carmen Lee investigate the impact of the online world on the study of language.
The effects of language use in the digital world can be seen in every aspect of language study, and new ways of researching the field are needed. In this book the authors look at language online from a variety of perspectives, providing a solid theoretical grounding, an outline of key concepts, and practical guidance on doing research.
Chapters cover topical issues including the relation between online language and multilingualism, identity, education and multimodality, then conclude by looking at how to carry out research into online language use. Throughout the book many examples are given, from a variety of digital platforms, and a number of different languages, including Chinese and English.
Written in a clear and accessible style, this is a vital read for anyone new to studying online language and an essential textbook for undergraduates and postgraduates working in the areas of new media, literacy and multimodality within language and linguistics courses.
eBook
The best punctuation book, period : a comprehensive guide for every writer, editor, student, and businessperson
\"This all-in-one reference is a quick and easy way for book, magazine, online, academic, and business writers to look up sticky punctuation questions for all styles including AP (Associated Press), MLA (Modern Language Association), APA (American Psychological Association), and Chicago Manual of Style ... organized by punctuation type ... provides clear answers to common questions about hyphenation, commas, apostrophes, numbers, and italics; a Punctuation A to Z section addressing commonly confused terms in one master list; and rulings from an expert Punctuation Panel on gray areas\"--Provided by publisher.
Book
The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in a study abroad context
Drawing on cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of a range of sociolinguistic variables in L2 French, this volume explores the relationship between 'study abroad' and the acquisition of sociolinguistic variation patterns by the advanced second language learner.
eBook
Collins Spanish dictionary
Bilingual dictionary with all the words, phrases and translations from both Spanish and English.
Book
Biblical Lexicology
Lexicography, together with grammatical studies and textual criticism, forms the basis of biblical exegesis. Recent decades have seen much progress in this field, yet increasing specialization also tends to have the paradoxical effect of turning exegesis into an independent discipline, while leaving lexicography to the experts. The present volume seeks to renew and intensify the exchange between the study of words and the study of texts. This is done in reference to both the Hebrew source text and the earliest Greek translation, the Septuagint. Questions addressed in the contributions to this volume are how linguistic meaning is effected, how it relates to words, and how words may be translated into another language, in Antiquity and today. Etymology, semantic fields, syntagmatic relations, word history, neologisms and other subthemes are discussed. The main current and prospective projects of biblical lexicology or lexicography are presented, thus giving an idea of the state of the art. Some of the papers also open up wider perspectives of interpretation.
eBook
The Case for Mediation: A Conceptual Review
This conceptual review investigates the use of mediation in English language teaching contexts. Following a review of mediation and its background and uses. The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) and multilingualism are explained, along with its history and goals. The various definitions of mediation are examined, including those from the CEFR, as well as definitions related to translation and interpretation, and the one underpinning the mediation aspect of the National Foreign Language Exam System (KPG). It is argued that mediation is critical in all linguistic, social, and cultural contact zones, including language teaching and learning contexts. Mediators have a vital role in settings where the meanings of languages, identities, and relationships are being reassessed and renegotiated, and English as a foreign language (EFL) learners' mediation ability should be developed to enable them to fulfill this critical role in society. Teaching mediation strategies should constitute a new objective in foreign language learning and teaching by adopting new methodological approaches.
Journal Article