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This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the motivations that key policy documents have put forward as justifications for Sweden’s mother-tongue instruction in immigrant and historical minority languages as a multicultural policy that has endured for nearly half a century. The diachronic development of these motivations is analysed in four periods and interpreted with the help of Ruiz’s ( 1984 ) orientations in language planning. The corpus consists of 26 key policy documents making up the coordinative discourse among policy actors. Based on an innovative mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, the motivations are presented in a three-tiered taxonomy consisting of motivational units, themes and language-planning orientations. The results point to both continuity and change in how mother-tongue instruction has been justified over time. Confirming previous research, the results show that the language-as-resource orientation has played a central role in justifying both the establishment and the maintenance of mother-tongue instruction in Sweden and that language as right complemented this orientation. Furthermore, the study illustrates that the language-as-problem orientation need not always be detrimental to bilingualism and minority-language maintenance. Contrary to some claims in the literature, it is argued that language as extrinsic resource is not necessarily underpinned by neoliberalism, as there are also social liberal and conservative inroads to this orientation. The paper concludes that although the language-as-resource orientation plays an indispensable role in supporting bilingualism in education, not only the language-as-right orientation but also the language-as-problem orientation should not be neglected.

In a unique contribution to understanding the interaction of language policy and planning in modern conflict resolution, Janet Muller provides an insider account of the search for improved status for the Irish language in Northern Ireland from the 1980s.

In language education research, micro-level language policy and planning (LPP) primarily concerns local actors’ decision making on matters in relation to language(s) and its users. Despite a growing body of literature focusing on micro-level language planning in educational settings, there is a scarcity of research examining early childhood education settings as the micro-level LPP context for young English language learners. By adopting a qualitative case study approach and drawing on an ecological approach to LPP, the present study examined the educators’ enactment of agency in micro-planning the English language education policy (LEP) in one Chinese kindergarten and the associated factors shaping their agency. Deploying a grounded theory analytical method, this study revealed that the sustainable implementation of the kindergarten English LEP depended on the principal, native English-speaking teachers, and the Chinese assistant teachers’ different degrees of agency. Additionally, the research findings indicated an array of contextual and individual factors nested in a hierarchical structure that facilitated, guided, and constrained the educators’ agency in a role-and circumstance-dependent manner. This study contributes to the pertinent literature by casting nuanced light on the different educators’ contributions to the micro-level LPP against a national policy that does not endorse early-year English language education.

The field of language policy and planning (LPP) has increasingly expanded its focus beyond legislative measures and macro-level policies toward understanding the power of social actors and their interpretation, appropriation, and creation of language policies in societies. This article aims to advance LPP theory and research by offering a critical and decolonial lens for conceptualizing and analyzing language policy in research, education, and language planning. This critical lens expands on one of the most influential LPP models: Ruiz’s ( 1984 ) framework for Orientations in Language Planning. Ruiz’s framework was proposed as a “meta-model” for language planning specialists to examine and advocate for new policies. This article invites researchers of language use in society to consider an epistemological shift from defining languages with fixed orientations, such as problem, resource, and right, toward looking at the intersectional roles of the listening and speaking subjects in defining the orientation(s) to languages in various contexts. This conceptual framing situates LPP research and critical studies of language in society in the context of broader critical theories, including intersectionality, human as praxis, humanization, and decolonizing research from ownership to answerability. The goal is to forge humanizing language policy research that is responsive to issues in our immediate and broader global contexts.

\"Language policy issues are imbued with a powerful symbolism that is often linked to questions of identity, with the suppression or failure to recognise and support a given endangered variety representing a refusal to grant a 'voice' to the corresponding ethno-cultural community. This wide-ranging volume, which explores linguistic scenarios from across five continents, seeks to ignite the debate as to how and whether the interface between people, politics and language can affect the fortunes of endangered varieties. With chapters written by academics working in the field of language endangerment and members of indigenous communities on the frontline of language support and maintenance, Policy and Planning for Endangered Languages is essential reading for researchers and students of language death, sociolinguistics and applied linguistics, as well as community members involved in native language maintenance\"-- Provided by publisher.

01 02 Following the collapse of the former Yugoslavia, Croatian was declared officially to be a separate language, distinct from Serbian, and linguistic issues became highly politicized. This book examines the changing status and norms of the Croatian language and its relationship to Croatian national identity. It focuses on the period following the creation of an independent Croatian state in 1991, but encompasses broader historical developments to provide a context for understanding the contemporary linguistic situation. The complex history of language standardization in the Yugoslav lands and the emphasis on language planning in Croatia make this an especially interesting case study that offers insight into wider debates about linguistic identity, language policy, and language planning issues in general. 13 02 Keith Langston is Associate Professor of Slavic Studies and Linguistics at the University of Georgia, USA. He is the author of Čakavian Prosody: The Accentual Patterns of the Čakavian Dialects of Croatian and other studies on Slavic phonology and morphology, in addition to research on the sociolinguistic situation in the former Yugoslavia. Anita Peti-Stantić is Professor of South Slavic Languages and the Chair of Slovene Studies at the University of Zagreb, Croatia. She is the author of Language, Ours and/or Theirs: An Essay on the Comparative History of South Slavic Standardization Processes and a Slovenian-Croatian and Croatian-Slovenian Dictionary , as well as studies on South Slavic word order and clitic placement. 16 02 Greenberg, Robert. 2004. Language and identity in the Balkans. Serbo-Croatian and its disintegration. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [Paperback edition 2008.] Currently the only monograph in English dealing with the linguistic situation in the former Yugoslavia. It provides a brief history of the development of standard Serbo-Croatian and language policies in post-World War II Yugoslavia, then focuses on post-1990 language policies in separate chapters on Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. One of the strengths of this work is that it deals with all four successor states using a neoštokavian-based standard language. Consequently, however, it treats them in less detail, and does not examine actual changes in usage. Gröschel, Bernhard. 2009. Das Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik. Munich: Lincom Europa. This provides a detailed discussion of key concepts (standard language, variant, variety, etc.) in the linguistic debates in the post-Yugoslav landscape, making extensive reference to works published within Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Montenegro. Rather than providing an objective analysis of the linguistic situation, he focuses more on trying to 'prove' that Serbo-Croatian represents a single language, and that any assertions to the contrary are purely political manipulations of the linguistic facts. Relationship of the proposed book to previous scholarship: Numerous studies on the Croatian standard language, its development, and contemporary norms of usage have been published by Croatian scholars, but this literature is largely insular in nature, often making no explicit reference to general sociolinguistic research on language standardization or language planning. Most of these works are individual articles published in Croatian for a Croatian audience, and therefore they tend to be biased towards the mainstream Croatian interpretation of the facts. Works published in English that deal with the general topics of language planning or language and national identity often mention the languages of the former Yugoslavia as examples, but these are typically very brief discussions, which often present a picture that is radically oversimplified or even inaccurate in some respects. Vanessa Pupavac's book Language Rights: From free speech to linguistic governance (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) includes a chapter on the politics of language rights in the former Yugoslavia. There are also several collections of articles published in English that are devoted to the languages of the former Yugoslavia or the South Slavic region as a whole (for example, Ranko Bugarski and Celia Hawkesworth, eds. Language in the former Yugoslav lands. Bloomington, IN: Slavica, 2004). These collections include some papers on the Croatian language and Croatian linguistic identity since the collapse of the former Yugoslavia, but while these articles may provide an overview of language planning efforts in the 1990s and beyond, they are necessarily limited in scope. The proposed book differs from previous book-length treatments in several significant ways. By focusing on Croatia, it treats the topics of Croatian language planning and linguistic identity in much greater depth. The use of survey and corpus data allows the authors to gauge the effects of language planning efforts, rather than just relying on anecdotal evidence, as most previous works have done. Finally, the book combines the perspectives of its two authors: an insider (a Croatian linguist living and working in Croatia) and an outsider (an American linguist). This provides a more objective approach to the topic, while still taking into account all the nuances and complexity of the linguistic situation in Croatia today. 02 02 Following the collapse of the former Yugoslavia, Croatian was declared to be a separate language, distinct from Serbian, and linguistic issues became highly politicized. This book examines the changing status and norms of the Croatian language and its relationship to Croatian national identity, focusing on the period after Croatian independence. 04 02 PART I: THE CROATIAN LANGUAGE QUESTION IN CONTEXT 1. The Croatian Language Question and Croatian Identity 2. Language and Identity: Theoretical and Conceptual Framework 3. Language, Dialect, or Variant? The Status of Croatian and its Place in the South Slavic Dialect Continuum 4. The History of Croatian and Serbian Standardization PART II: CROATIAN LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING IN THE 1990s AND BEYOND 5. Language Rights and the Treatment of Croatian on the International Level 6. Croatian Language Policy at the National Level and the Regulation of Public Language 7. Institutions of Language Planning 8. Language Purism, Handbooks, and Differential Dictionaries 9. Models of Linguistic Perfection: The Role of the Educational System in Croatian Language Planning 10. The Media and the Message: The Promotion and Implementation of Language Planning in Print, Broadcasts, and on the Internet 11. The Croatian Language Question Today on the Boundary of Identity and Ideology