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Toward a systematic grading for the selection of patients to undergo awake surgery: identifying suitable predictor variables
Awake craniotomy is the standard of care for treating language eloquent gliomas. However, depending on preoperative functionality, it is not feasible in each patient and selection criteria are highly heterogeneous. Thus, this study aimed to identify broadly applicable predictor variables allowing for a more systematic and objective patient selection.
We performed post-hoc analyses of preoperative language status, patient and tumor characteristics including language eloquence of 96 glioma patients treated in a single neurosurgical center between 05/2018 and 01/2021. Multinomial logistic regression and stepwise variable selection were applied to identify significant predictors of awake surgery feasibility.
Stepwise backward selection confirmed that a higher number of paraphasias, lower age, and high language eloquence level were suitable indicators for an awake surgery in our cohort. Subsequent descriptive and ROC-analyses indicated a cut-off at ≤54 years and a language eloquence level of at least 6 for awake surgeries, which require further validation. A high language eloquence, lower age, preexisting semantic and phonological aphasic symptoms have shown to be suitable predictors.
The combination of these factors may act as a basis for a systematic and standardized grading of patients' suitability for an awake craniotomy which is easily integrable into the preoperative workflow across neurosurgical centers.
Journal Article
hier à aujourd’hui, le français dans le \marché\ linguistique marocain
Cet article traite de la question problématique de la présence de la langue française dans le champ linguistique marocain non seulement en tant que langue d’échange communicatif, culturel et médiatique, mais aussi, et surtout, comme langue dominant les secteurs commerciaux, éducatifs, littéraires et artistiques. Il faudrait dire que cette présence ne date pas seulement de la période coloniale, c’est-à-dire du début du siècle passé, mais bien avant cela. Au-delà des frontières européennes, la langue française a su s’imposer dans de nombreux pays, dont le Maroc où cette langue s’impose à la fois comme outil de communication, et comme langue incontournable pour la promotion socioéconomique. Afin de pouvoir contourner les différentes facettes de la présence sociolinguistique et sociopolitique de cette langue étrangère dans le « marché » linguistique de ce pays du sud de la méditerranée, un tour d’horizon s’impose afin de pouvoir interroger les différents « opérateurs sociaux » qui ont leur mot à dire quant à cette présence historique.
Journal Article
The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q): Assessing Language Profiles in Bilinguals and Multilinguals
Contact author: Viorica Marian, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208. E-mail: v-marian{at}northwestern.edu .
Purpose: To develop a reliable and valid questionnaire of bilingual language status with predictable relationships between self-reported and behavioral measures.
Method: In Study 1, the internal validity of the Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q) was established on the basis of self-reported data from 52 multilingual adult participants. In Study 2, criterion-based validity was established on the basis of standardized language tests and self-reported measures from 50 adult Spanish–English bilinguals. Reliability and validity of the questionnaire were established on healthy adults whose literacy levels were equivalent to that of someone with a high school education or higher.
Results: Factor analyses revealed consistent factors across both studies and suggested that the LEAP-Q was internally valid. Multiple regression and correlation analyses established criterion-based validity and suggested that self-reports were reliable indicators of language performance. Self-reported reading proficiency was a more accurate predictor of first-language performance, and self-reported speaking proficiency was a more accurate predictor of second-language performance. Although global measures of self-reported proficiency were generally predictive of language ability, deriving a precise estimate of performance on a particular task required that specific aspects of language history be taken into account.
Conclusion: The LEAP-Q is a valid, reliable, and efficient tool for assessing the language profiles of multilingual, neurologically intact adult populations in research settings.
KEY WORDS: bilingualism, self-assessment, second language, language proficiency, questionnaire development
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Journal Article
The relationship between bilingual exposure and vocabulary development
The relationship between amount of bilingual exposure and performance in receptive and expressive vocabulary in French and English was examined in 5-year-old Montreal children acquiring French and English simultaneously as well as in monolingual children. The children were equated on age, socio-economic status, nonverbal cognition, and on minority/majority language status (both languages have equal status), but differed in the amount of exposure they had received to each language spanning the continuum of bilingual exposure levels. A strong relationship was found between amount of exposure to a language and performance in that language. This relationship was different for receptive and expressive vocabulary. Children having been exposed to both languages equally scored comparably to monolingual children in receptive vocabulary, but greater exposure was required to match monolingual standards in expressive vocabulary. Contrary to many previous studies, the bilingual children were not found to exhibit a significant gap relative to monolingual children in receptive vocabulary. This was attributed to the favorable language-learning environment for French and English in Montreal and might also be related to the fact the two languages are fairly closely related. Children with early and late onset (before 6 months and after 20 months) of bilingual exposure who were equated on overall amount of exposure to each language did not differ significantly on any vocabulary measure.
Journal Article
MIND your language(s): Recognizing Minority, Indigenous, Non-standard(ized), and Dialect variety usage in “monolinguals”
While Psychology research in general has been criticized for oversampling from WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) populations, Psycholinguistics has a problem with conducting a large amount of research on a relatively small number of languages. Yet even within WEIRD environments, the experiences of speakers of Minority, Indigenous, Non-standard(ized), and Dialect (MIND) varieties are not always captured alongside their use of a more prestigious standard language. This position piece will provide a case study of one such variety: Scots, a Germanic variety spoken in Scotland, which is often considered “bad English.” However, its speakers display cognitive characteristics of bilingualism despite often regarding themselves as monolingual due to sociolinguistic factors. Such factors include social prestige and language ideology, as well as linguistic distance. In doing so, this paper introduces a new acronym encouraging researchers to MIND their language – by developing more inclusive ways of capturing the linguistic experiences of MIND speakers, to move away from binary distinctions of “bilingual” and “monolingual,” and to recognize that not all varieties are afforded the status of language, nor do many multilinguals consider themselves as anything other than monolingual.
Journal Article