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"Larvae"
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Biology of Paenibacillus larvae, a deadly pathogen of honey bee larvae
The gram-positive bacterium
Paenibacillus larvae
is the etiological agent of American Foulbrood of honey bees, a notifiable disease in many countries. Hence,
P. larvae
can be considered as an entomopathogen of considerable relevance in veterinary medicine.
P. larvae
is a highly specialized pathogen with only one established host, the honey bee larva. No other natural environment supporting germination and proliferation of
P. larvae
is known. Over the last decade, tremendous progress in the understanding of
P. larvae
and its interactions with honey bee larvae at a molecular level has been made. In this review, we will present the recent highlights and developments in
P. larvae
research and discuss the impact of some of the findings in a broader context to demonstrate what we can learn from studying “exotic” pathogens.
Journal Article
Inch by inch
To keep from being eaten, an inchworm measures a robin's tail, a flamingo's neck, a toucan's beak, a heron's legs, and a nightingale's song.
Book
Musca Domestica Larva Lectin Induces Apoptosis in BEL-7402 Cells Through a Ca^sup 2+^/JNK-mediated Mitochondrial Pathway
Although Musca domestica larvae lectin (MLL) is able to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and to induce cancer cell apoptosis, the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for these processes remain elusive. In the current study, the signaling network underlying the MLL-induced apoptosis of human hepatoma BEL-7402 cell was investigated. Our data found out that MLL causes a sustained increase of the intracellular Ca^sup 2+^ and this process was prevented by the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA-AM, suggesting the involvement of intracellular Ca^sup 2+^ in MLL-induced cell apoptosis. MLL also causes the production of reactive oxygen species and elevates the phosphorylation status of JNK, processes associated with the increased cytoplasmic Ca^sup 2+^. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening study showed that MLL treatment of BEL-7402 cells results in the opening of MPTP and a reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In such condition, cytochrome-c was detected to be released from mitochondria to cytoplasm through the MPTP. This eventually activates caspase-3 and thus results in apoptosis of the tested BEL-7402 cells. According to a comprehensive review of all the evidence, it is concluded that MLL induces apoptosis of BEL-7402 cells through a Ca^sup 2+^/JNK-mediated MPTP pathway.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Journal Article
A NEW METHOD OF ROYAL JELLY HARVESTING WITHOUT GRAFTING LARVAE1
Royal jelly (RJ) is an important bee product and one of the major income sources for beekeepers. For a long time, harvesting RJ has largely relied on manually grafting larvae, by using grafting needles to remove young larvae from a colony to a cell cup. Then, frames of cell cups with the removed brood are placed in productive colonies in a timely manner. Grafting larvae is the first and most difficult step in the process of harvesting RJ. Moreover, the process is time-consuming and labor-intensive. It needs not only effort, but is also restricted by the availability of larvae and the eyesight of the technician. Low efficiency strongly limits the development of RJ production. To improve the hardest step in harvesting RJ, researchers have invented a new method of harvesting RJ without grafting larvae. Their results show that the method is feasible and improves the production of RJ.
Journal Article